a,. 2. 2-.^^. 


^X  lUe  mml^kni  ^ 


^]S  PRINCETON,  N.  J.  '^ 


Purchased   by  the   Hamill    Missionary   Fund. 
Division ^-^^ 

"'  '•''"^  'rarl  Leroy 
Manual  ot  hm 


Manual  of  Missions 


Manual  of  Missions 


CARL  LEROY  HOWLAND,  Ph.  B. 


With  an  Introduction  by 
BISHOP  WILSON  T.  HOGUE 


New    York  Chicago  Toronto 

Fleming      H.      Revell      Company 

London  and  Edinburgh 


Copyright,  1913,  by 
FLEMING  H.  REVELL  COMPANY 


New  York:  158  Fifth  Avenue 
Chicago:  125  North  Wabash  Ave. 
Toronto:  25  Richmond  Street,  W. 
London:  21  Paternoster  Square 
Edinburgh:      100    Princes    Street 


Introduction 

By  Bishop  Wilson  T.  Rogue 

THIS  "  Manual  of  Missions  "  has  been  well 
conceived  and  wisely  executed.  It  will 
meet  a  long  felt  need  of  those  who  are  in- 
terested in  missionary  work.  It  presents  in  con- 
cise form  an  authoritative  statement  of  just  what 
those  interested  in  world-wide  evangelization  desire 
to  know  regarding  the  occupied  and  unoccupied 
fields  for  missionary  enterprise  ;  the  great  and  an- 
cient systems  of  religion  against  which  Christianity 
must  continually  contend  in  seeking  to  propagate 
the  true  religion  throughout  the  world ;  the  mis- 
sionary societies  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 
which  are  engaged  in  this  greatest  of  all  enterprises ; 
and  also,  under  the  head  of  "  Missionary  Gems," 
many  valuable  hints  and  suggestions  of  great  value 
to  those  who  are  called  to  hold  missionary  meetings 
and  otherwise  to  labour  in  the  home  field  for  the 
promotion  of  foreign  missionary  enterprise. 

In  fact,  the  writer  of  this  Introduction  knows  of 
no  other  work  on  the  market  which  presents  so 
many  and  such  varied  facts  regarding  foreign  mis- 
sionary work,  and  within  so  small  a  compass  and 
at  such  trifling  cost,  as  does  the  "  Manual  of  Mis- 
sions." The  work  gives  evidence  throughout  of 
extensive  and  thorough  research,  and  the  results  of 

5 


6  INTEODUCTION 

this  research  have  been  admirably  classified,  and 
are  usually  presented  with  great  simplicity  and 
commendable  terseness.  The  volume  is  quite  ency- 
clopedic in  the  list  of  topics  presented,  and  each 
topic  is  presented  with  sufficient  fullness  of  detail 
to  satisfy  the  ordinary  reader,  and  yet  with  such 
conciseness  as  not  to  weary  the  patience  of  any. 
The  highest  and  most  recent  authorities  have  been 
consulted  on  the  various  subjects  discussed,  and  in 
many  cases  they  have  been  made  to  speak  for  them- 
selves, which  is  a  decided  advantage  in  a  book  de- 
signed so  largely  for  general  reference  as  is  this 
volume. 

The  Table  of  Contents  is  also  so  simple  and 
clearly  arranged  as  to  enable  one  very  readily  to 
refer  to  any  topic  discussed  within  the  volume, 
which  is  an  added  advantage  for  the  busy  worker. 
For  instance,  if  one  desires  to  read  up  on  Buddhism, 
Brahmanism,  Mohammedanism,  or  Confucianism  he 
has  only  to  refer  to  the  Table  of  Contents  and,  un- 
der the  general  heading  of  "Mne  Keligions  of 
Mission  Lands,"  look  for  the  particular  religion  re- 
garding which  he  is  seeking  information,  and  he 
will  instantly  find  reference  to  the  pages  in  which 
it  is  discussed.  So  also  with  reference  to  "The 
Fields."  All  Asiatic  countries  are  classified  under 
"  Asia "  ;  the  various  islands  on  which  missionary 
work  is  being  done,  or  is  in  need  of  being  done, 
are  grouped  under  the  heading  "  The  Island  World," 
and  can  be  referred  to  with  equal  readiness ;  and 
so  of  the  various  other  fields  of  missionary  en- 


INTEODUCTION  7 

deavour.  This  gives  each  reader  an  opportunity 
to  obey  the  command  of  Jesus,  at  least  in  some  de- 
gree, "  Lift  up  your  eyes  and  look  on  the  fields  for 
they  are  white  already  to  the  harvest." 

The  author  of  the  "Manual  of  Missions"  has 
been  known  to  the  writer  for  about  eleven  years : 
first  as  a  student  in  Greenville  College,  Greenville, 
Illinois,  during  the  period  of  the  writer's  presidency 
of  that  institution,  from  which  he  was  honourably 
graduated  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Philoso- 
phy, and  later  as  a  preacher  of  the  Free  Methodist 
Church,  and  as  teacher  of  acceptability  in  the  A.  M. 
Chesbrough  Seminary,  at  North  Chili,  New  York. 
He  has  brought  to  the  task  of  producing  the  pres- 
ent volume  the  advantages  of  a  well  trained  mind, 
and  of  a  sanctified  heart,  which  throbs  with  love 
for  earth's  perishing  millions,  and  with  fervent  de- 
sire to  contribute  as  far  as  possible  to  their  general 
evangelization. 

It  is  earnestly  hoped  that  the  "  Manual  of  Mis- 
sions "  will  be  given  a  circulation  worthy  the  spirit 
which  has  prompted  its  production  and  of  the  ability 
and  merit  of  which  it  gives  evidence  on  every  page. 

Wilson  T.  Hogue. 
Michigan  City^  Indiana, 


Preface 

MANY  pastors,  missionary  and  Sunday- 
school  workers,  as  well  as  persons  who 
are  not  actively  engaged  in  religious 
work,  have  felt  the  need  of  a  small  volume  contain- 
ing a  brief  sketch  of  the  general  and  missionary 
conditions  of  the  various  mission  fields  of  the  world. 
It  was  with  the  hope  of  supplying  in  a  small  com- 
pass and  for  a  low  price  much  missionary  informa- 
tion that  the  present  volume  was  undertaken. 
Perhaps  the  work  will  meet  a  real  need. 

The  authority  of  a  book  of  this  kind  is  all-impor- 
tant to  the  reader.  The  Kand  McNaUy  &  Co. 
Atlas,  1912,  Library  Edition;  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica,  1911,  and  three  works  published  by  the 
Student  Volunteer  Movement — "  Keligions  of  Mis- 
sion Fields,"  "  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields  of  Asia 
and  Africa,"  and  "  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Mis- 
sions," have  supplied  the  chief  sources  of  informa- 
tion for  Parts  I  and  II.  Part  TV  is  constructed 
almost  entirely  from  the  reports  received  directly 
from  the  missionary  secretaries  in  1913.  Besides 
these  principal  sources,  numerous  authorities  have 
been  consulted  and  quoted.  The  notes  usually  give 
proper  credit. 
In  Part  II  much  has  been  said  about  the  unoocu- 
9 


10  PREFACE 

pied  mission  fields.  Dr.  S.  M.  Zvvemer's  "Unoccu- 
pied Mission  Fields  of  Asia  and  Africa,"  published 
in  1911,  has  been  freely  quoted.  Kef  erring  to  this 
book,  on  June  30, 1913,  Mr.  Kobert  E.  Speer,  D.  D., 
wrote :  "  I  do  not  think  there  has  been  any  change 
in  the  missionary  situation  in  the  unoccupied  fields 
of  Asia  and  Africa  since  Dr.  Zwemer  wrote  the 
book.  Possibly  there  have  been  some  minor 
changes  but  none,  I  think,  of  any  importance." 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  represent  the  work 
of  all  organizations  exactly  as  submitted  by  the 
secretaries  of  the  societies.  The  failure  of  some 
secretaries  to  include  certain  items  in  their  reports, 
probably  because  the  information  was  not  available, 
has  necessitated  some  omissions.  On  the  other 
hand  a  few  secretaries  have  gone  to  considerable 
trouble  and  forwarded  valuable  information  con- 
cerning their  work,  which,  however,  could  not  be 
included  because  of  the  limited  scope  of  this  volume. 

"When  this  work  was  begun  it  was  hoped  that 
what  is  usually  classed  as  "  Home  Missions  "  might 
be  statistically  represented,  as  has  been  possible 
with  the  foreign  work.  To  this  end  blanks  were 
submitted  to  the  secretaries  with  the  request  that 
the  needed  information  be  supplied.  After  careful 
investigation  and  consultation  of  the  reports  re- 
ceived, the  first  plan  had  to  be  surrendered.  The 
numerous  methods  of  dealing  with  the  home  work, 
and  the  fact  that  very  much  of  the  work  done  by 
members  of  the  different  denominations  and  by 
local  churches  and  societies  is  not  handled  by  the 


PEEPAOE  11 

general  boards  nor  reported  to  them,  presents  com- 
plications which  would  make  statistical  information 
untrustworthy.  For  these  reasons  it  has  seemed 
best  to  confine  the  manual  to  data  concerning  the 
foreign  fields. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  volume  Bishop  Wilson 
T.  Hogue,  Mrs.  M.  M.  Robinson  and  Mrs.  C.  L. 
Rowland  have  each  contributed  valuable  advice  and 
assistance  which  are  gratefully  acknowledged.  The 
Student  Volunteer  Movement  very  kindly  granted 
permission  to  quote  from  the  three  invaluable 
books  above  mentioned.  Also  Funk  and  Wagnalls 
consented  to  the  use  of  the  table  published  in  the 
January,  1913,  number  of  the  Missionary  Review. 
These  favours  are  duly  appreciated.  Heartfelt 
thanks  is  given  to  the  busy  secretaries  who  have  so 
usefully  cooperated  by  the  sending  of  their  reports. 

With  the  hope  that  this  small  volume  will  add  to 
general  missionary  knowledge  and  stimulate  mis- 
sionary activity,  thus  hastening  the  return  of  the 
Lord  Jesus,  this  manual  is  sent  forth. 

C.  L.  H. 

l^orth  Chiliy  K  Y, 


Contents 


PART  I 

Nine  Religions  of  Mission  Lands 


I. 

Polytheism  of  Africa 

XL 

Shintoism    . 

III. 

Taoism 

IV. 

Confucianism 

V. 

Hinduism     . 

VI. 

Buddhism    . 

VII. 

Mohammedanism 

VIII. 

Judaism 

IX. 

Roman  Catholicism    . 

17 

20 

22 
24 
26 
29 
32 

39 
45 


PART  II 

The  Fields 

I.  Asia.    Introductory  Note        .        .  55 

1.  China 56 

2.  India 66 

3.  Japan 76 

4.  Asia,    except    China,    India    and 

Japan 86 

II.  The  Island  World     ....  95 

!.     Malaysia 95 

2.  Melanesia 98 

3.  Micronesia 99 

4.  Polynesia lOO 

13 


III. 

Australia   ... 

102 

IV. 

Europe        

.     104 

V. 

Africa 

.     105 

VI. 

South  America   .... 

.     120 

VII. 

North  America  .... 

.     130 

I.     Mexico        .... 

.     130 

2.     Central  America 

•     131 

3.     West  Indies 

'     133 

4.     Eskimos      .... 

.     134 

PART  III 

Missionary  Gems 

I. 

The  Voice  of  Scripture     . 

139 

II. 

The  Lord's  Commands 

142 

III. 

Authority  for  Missions    . 

144 

IV. 

Prayer  and  Missions  .        .        .        . 

144 

V. 

Consecration  and  Missions 

145 

VI. 

Sacrifice  and  Missions 

146 

VII. 

Money  and  Missions  .        .        .        . 

147 

VIII. 

Arguments  for  Missions    . 

149 

IX. 

Miscellaneous 

152 

PART  IV 

The  Societies 
{American  and  Canadian) 

The  Societies     . 


157 


PART  I 
Nine  Religions  of  Mission  Lands 


PART  I 
Nine    Religions  of  Mission  Lands 


I.     POLYTHEISM  OP  AFRICA 

IT  is  impossible  to  gain  any  definite  idea  of  the 
origin  of  the  religion  of  the  African.  It  seems 
to  be  an  accumulation  of  vague  beliefs,  super- 
stitions and  fears,  to  which  each  succeeding  gener- 
ation has  contributed  its  part. 

The  polytheism  of  Africa  lacks  all  knowledge  of 
a  supreme,  personal  Creator.  The  native  dialects 
contain  no  name  that  can  properly  be  applied  to 
such  a  being.  The  superstitions  and  rites,  always 
crude,  differ  widely  with  the  different  tribes.  Some 
prominent  features,  however,  are  quite  common. 
The  native  usually  has  place  in  his  faith  for  numer- 
ous superior  beings  which  may  be  mentioned  in 
four  classes :  (1)  First  and  lowest  of  all  are  those 
"  powers  "  whose  bad  effects  may  be  averted  by  the 
use  of  charms.  To  drive  away  diseases  and  other 
evils  the  native  makes  use  of  lacerations  of  the 
flesh,  circumcision,  etc.  (2)  The  "  Mandiki "  are 
next  higher  in  the  scale  of  superior  beings.  These 
partake  of  the  nature  of  ghosts.  They  may  bring 
sickness  or  accidental  death.     One  possessed  by 

17 


18    NINE  RELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

them  may  perform  wonders.  They  are  never  loved, 
but  much  feared  by  the  people.  (3)  The  "  Jindoyi " 
are  superior  to  those  just  mentioned  and  are  able 
to  command  them.  Indeed,  it  is  when  the  Mandiki 
are  operated  upon  by  the  Jindoyi  that  they  are 
especially  harmful.  This  class  controls  departed 
lives  and  may  become  incarnate  at  will,  in  human 
beings,  beasts  or  birds.  None  of  the  foregoing 
claisses  of  powers  or  beings  are  worshipped.  (4)  The 
"  Jingulube  "  are  the  head  gods  and  can  command 
all  the  rest.  These  beings  are  worshipped  without 
the  use  of  gorgeous  paraphernalia  or  temples.  They 
are  approached  only  in  times  of  suffering  or  distress. 
At  such  seasons  the  worshipping  individual  or  peo- 
ple come  to  the  place  appointed  and  in  a  very 
simple  manner  make  an  offering  of  food  and  a 
prayer  for  the  removal  of  the  evil. 

All  the  gods  are  undesirable.  The  native  seems 
to  believe  that  he  would  be  much  better  off  if  it 
were  not  for  the  calamities  that  these  superior  be- 
ings bring  upon  him.  The  witch-doctor  is  the 
"  mediator  "  between  the  native  and  his  gods.  He 
is  hideous  and  avaricious.  The  people  submit  to 
his  demands  because  they  fear  his  power  with  the 
unseen  world. 

The  demoralizing  nature  of  such  religion  is  man- 
ifest in  the  life  of  the  heathen  before  it  is  touched 
by  Christianity.  "  Early  missionaries  and  explorers 
are  a  unit  in  declaring  that  he  is  uncommonly  inhu- 
man, bloodthirsty  and  drunken,  frequently  selling 
his  wife  for  cash  and  universally  slaying  his  cap- 


POLYTHEISM  OF  AFEICA  19 

tives  in  war,  while  many  tribes  deliberately  feast 
on  the  same." 

The  African's  religion  gives  him  no  joy  for  this 
life  or  peaceful  anticipation  of  that  which  is  to 
come.  "  His  only  inheritance  is  hopeless  darkness." 
The  inherent  weakness  of  the  system  causes  it  to 
crumble  in  the  presence  of  Mohammedanism  or 
Christianity. 

African  Polytheists  number  about  100,000,000 
and  comprise  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  people  of  the 
continent. 


20    NINE  RELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 


11.     SHINTOISM 

Shinto  means  "  Way  of  the  Gods."  Eeligion  ac- 
cording to  Shinto  is  an  embodiment  of  the  crude 
superstitions  of  the  early  Japanese.  There  is  a 
vague  idea  of  a  Supreme  Being,  but  no  idea  is  held 
that  he  is  personal  or  self -existent.  Shintoism  tells 
us  that  from  the  unknown  "  somewhat "  emanated 
two  divine  beings,  Isaname  (female),  and  Isanagi 
(male).  This  divine  pair  produced,  by  stirring  the 
ocean  with  a  spear,  the  islands  of  Japan.  From 
them  also  came  a  daughter  of  resplendent  beauty. 
This  "  sun-goddess  "  was  married  and  became  the 
mother  of  the  whole  line  of  "  mikados  "  who  are  the 
rulers  of  Japan.  Thus  the  islands  of  Japan  and  the 
rulers  are  in  a  peculiar  sense  of  divine  origin.  In 
this  myth  we  have  the  secret  of  the  nature  and  an- 
cestor worship  which  is  the  basis  of  Shintoism. 
The  system  is  pantheistic.  The  worship  that  is 
given  to  the  emperor  is  accorded,  in  a  modified  de- 
gree, to  heroes  and  ancestors.  Worship  is  also 
rendered  to  the  sun,  waterfalls,  trees,  foxes  and 
snakes.  In  fact  almost  everything  in  nature,  ani- 
mate and  inanimate,  is  made  a  divinity  ;  until  we 
have  the  saying  that  Japan  has  "  eight  million 
gods."  There  is  no  belief  in  a  real  creation.  The 
material  universe,  w^hich  is  regarded  as  eternal,  has 
been  subject  to  development.  God  and  man  and 
all  things  are  of  one  essence. 

The  "  Kojika,"  which  is  the  Bible  of  the  Japa- 


SHINTOISM  21 

nese,  was  compiled  in  712  a.  d.  It  throws  much 
light  upon  the  doctrines  of  Shintoism  and  also  upon 
early  Japanese  history. 

The  religious  myths  have  encouraged  lax  moral- 
ity. Dr.  S.  K.  Brown,  after  years  of  observation, 
could  scarcely  find  an  element  of  moral  restraint  in 
the  system.  Shintoism  is  regarded  as  the  religion 
of  levity  and  thoughtlessness.  In  552  a.  d.  Bud- 
dhism, which  is  of  a  more  melancholy  spirit  and  tone, 
was  introduced  into  Japan.  Since  that  time  there 
has  been  some  antagonism  but  usually  a  strange 
partnership  between  the  two  systems.  It  is  said 
that  nine-tenths  of  the  Japanese  consider  themselves 
adherents  of  both  religions.  Shintoism  was  made 
the  state  religion  of  Japan  in  1868,  evidently  lest  it 
should  be  submerged  by  Buddhism.  However,  in 
1889  religious  liberty  was  granted  to  the  people, 
and  Shintoism  was  again  thrown  on  its  own  re- 
sources.    Japan  has  now  no  state  religion. 

Modern  enlightenment  has  undermined  Shintoism, 
as  a  rehgion,  in  the  minds  of  the  educated  classes. 
The  system,  however,  is  as  truly  patriotic  as  re- 
ligious. And  though  belief  in  its  myths  and  super- 
stitions decays,  Shintoism  is  destined  to  be  strong 
in  the  hearts  of  the  Japanese  people  for  years  to 
come  because  of  the  reverence  which  it  teaches  for 
the  islands  and  the  emperor. 

From  its  nature,  Shintoism  is  distinctively  a  Jap- 
anese religion.  Most  of  the  people  of  the  empire 
either  avow  themselves  to  be  Shintoists  or  are 
strongly  affected  by  the  system. 


22    NINE  RELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 


III.     TAOISM 

Lao-tzu,  the  founder  of  Taoism,  was  bom  in 
Honan,  China,  in  604  b.  c.  He  became  a  scholar 
and  independent  thinker.  He  was  a  man  of  un- 
usual integrity  and  uncompromising  in  his  stand- 
ards of  right  and  wrong.  The  general  corruption 
and  abuses  of  official  China  in  his  day  caused  him 
to  become  heart-sick,  then  bitter,  morose  and  de- 
spondent. His  denunciations  of  the  existing  condi- 
tions brought  him  great  unpopularity.  He  finally 
withdrew  from  the  common  walks  of  men.  In  re- 
tirement he  dictated  the  Tao  Teh  King,  which  is  an 
embodiment  of  his  doctrines.  The  treatise  is  more 
philosophical  and  misty  than  religious.  Tao  means 
"  reason  "  or  "  wisdom,"  and  was  personified  and 
deified  by  Lao-tzu.  He  said  "  All  things  originate 
with  Tao,  conform  to  Tao  and  return  to  Tao." 

The  system,  as  we  have  it  to-day,  is  not  the 
product  of  Lao-tzu's  mind.  "Taoism  had  great 
powers  of  absorption  and  from  being  at  first  a  phi- 
losophy and  then  a  system  of  jugglery,  it  borrowed 
from  Buddhism  certain  religious  elements."  In  its 
modern  form  it  is  a  mixture  of  ancient  supersti- 
tions, ancestor  worship  and  the  doctrines  of  Gau- 
tama. In  the  wide  departure  from  its  original,  the 
great  abuse  of  power  by  its  dignitaries  and  the 
peculiar  superstitions  and  burdens  imposed  upon 
the  people,  Taoism  has  been  likened  to  modern 
Catholicism. 


TAOISM  23 

The  religion  is  materialistic.  The  people  believe 
that  the  land  of  spirits  is  an  exact  counterpart  of 
the  Chinese  Empire,  having  provinces  and  depart- 
ments ruled  over  by  officials  good  and  bad.  Since 
injustice  and  bribery  are  common  in  China,  the 
same  must  be  true  of  Hades. 

The  gods  are  more  than  a  man  can  count.  "  Not 
a  few  of  the  million  villages  have  their  rural  dei- 
ties. "  Every  star  has  its  god."  Astrology  spreads 
its  dread  pall  over  night-cursed  China.  "Beside 
the  great  multitude  and  variety  of  gods,  there  are 
the  myriads  of  demons  with  whom  the  people  must 
deal."  The  dread  of  spirits  is  the  nightmare  of  the 
Chinaman's  life.  Here  is  a  ministration  of  demons, 
not  of  angels.  The  pope  of  Taoism,  the  priests, 
exorcists  and  witches,  unite  to  prey  upon  and  de- 
moralize the  superstitious  people. 

Many  of  the  inhabitants  of  China  are  at  the 
same  time  Buddhists,  Confucianists  and  Taoists. 
Taoism  is  confined,  almost  entirely,  to  China. 
Probably  more  than  half  of  the  people  of  the  re- 
public are  more  or  less  strong  adherents  of  the 
system. 


24    NINE  RELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 


IV.     CONFUCIANISM 

Confucianism  has  been  defined  as  "  That  system 
of  religious  and  ethical  teaching  which  is  the  es- 
sential source  of  Chinese  civilization."  Confucian 
literature  has  preserved  the  best  traditions  and 
idealized  the  history  of  the  empire,  but  its  ortho- 
doxy has  been  unflinching  in  its  hostility  to  all 
progress.  The  many  centuries  of  inteDectual,  in- 
dustrial and  moral  stagnation  of  China  is  largely 
traceable  to  the  influence  of  this  religious  system. 

Confucius  was  born  551  b.  c.  He  was  thus,  for 
a  time,  a  contemporary  of  Lao-tzu,  the  founder  of 
Taoism.  As  a  young  man  Confucius  took  a  great 
interest  in  the  literature  of  the  Chinese  and  soon 
became  a  master,  compiler,  and  transmitter  of 
what  suited  his  purpose.  He  was  not  an  original 
writer,  but  embellished  and  rewrote  the  works  of 
others. 

As  a  religion  there  are  three  elements  in  Confu- 
cianism, viz.,  nature  worship,  sage  and  hero  wor- 
ship and  ancestor  worship.  (1)  The  nature  wor- 
ship is  pantheistic.  It  is  believed  that  the  universe 
is  self -evolved.  Heaven  is  called  the  "  Supreme 
Father  "  and  earth  the  "  Supreme  Mother  "  of  all 
things.  The  idea  of  a  personal  God  is  very  dim,  if 
present  at  all.  Under  the  empire  it  was  held  that 
the  emperor  was  the  "  Son  of  Heaven,"  and  that 
he  ruled  by  the  will  of  Heaven.  He  was  the  high 
priest  of  the  nature  worship.    (2)  Dead  sages  and 


CONFUCIANISM  25 

heroes  are  accorded  divine  homage.  Of  these  Con- 
fucius has  the  supreme  place  of  honour.  In  the 
spring  and  fall  there  are  prostrations  and  presenta- 
tions of  wines,  fruits,  meats  and  silks  in  the  temples 
of  the  sages.  Hero  worship  is  probably  emphasized 
for  the  purpose  of  stimulating  the  youth  of  the  land 
to  deeds  of  valour  and  patriotism.  (3)  Ancestor 
worship  is  a  universal  obligation  rarely  neglected  ex- 
cept by  reason  of  poverty  or  ignorance.  "  Among 
the  people  ancestor  worship  occupies  a  first  place 
in  giving  expression  to  the  feelings  and  convictions 
of  the  religious  nature."  The  wealthy  have  a  room 
of  the  house  set  apart  for  the  tablets  of  the  an- 
cestors. Others  have  the  tablets  arranged  in  a 
living-room.  Special  occasions  for  worship  are  the 
time  of  the  festival  of  the  new  year  and  the  anni- 
versary of  the  death  of  the  ancestor. 

Confucianism  has  had  large  influence  upon  the 
scholarship  of  Japan,  although  its  relation  to  Chi- 
nese history  and  civilization  makes  it  especially  a 
Chinese  religion.  The  system  is  so  intermixed  with 
other  forms  of  belief  that  trustworthy  statistics 
are  not  available.  The  adherents  of  Confucianism, 
as  near  as  can  be  estimated,  are  distributed  about 
as  follows :  Africa,  31,000  ;  Oceanica,  25,000  ;  Ma- 
laysia, 570,000  ;  Asia  outside  of  China,  7,000,000 ; 
China,  284,000,000.^ 

»  "  Blue  Book  of  Missions,"  Funk  and  Wagnalls. 


26    NINE  RELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 


V.     HINDUISM 

The  ancient  religion  of  India  was  simple  and  had 
no  trace  of  the  evils  of  present-day  Hinduism. 
This  (Yedic)  age  came  to  an  end  in  about  800  B.  c. 
when  the  Brahman  or  priestly  caste  developed 
Brahmanism  with  its  caste  system.  Hinduism  is  the 
name  applied  to  the  religion  in  its  third  and  present 
stage.  It  has  been  described  as  an  all-embracing 
system  made  up  of  whatever  was  desired  from 
Yedism,  Brahmanism,  Buddhism,  and  philosophy. 
Hinduism  is  not  the  product  of  a  single  mind.  It 
has  no  central  figure  or  generally  accepted  exponent. 

The  "  Yedas "  are  the  sacred  books  of  the 
Hindus.  "Their  composition  probably  covers  a 
period  of  1,000  years  beginning  with  about  2000 
B.  c.  There  are  four  of  them,  and  each  is  divided 
into  three  parts :  Mantras  (Hymns) ;  Brahmana 
(Kitual);  Upanishad  (Yedic  Philosophy).  Be- 
side these  there  are  many  books  of  secondary  im- 
portance called  "  Smriti." 

There  are  three  gods — Brahma,  Yishnu  and  Siva 
—beside  330,000,000  lesser  divinities.  One  has 
said  "  Pantheism  as  a  creed,  grossest  idolatry  as 
the  commonest  expression  of  the  religious  instinct, 
and  caste  as  a  social  system  constitute  the  real 
triad  of  Hinduism  to-day."  It  is  difficult  to  find 
any  two  authorities,  especially  Hindu  authorities, 
who  agree  in  the  statement  of  the  essential  features 
of  Hinduism.     The  system  resembles  Christianity 


HINDmSM  27 

in  that  it  is  theistic,  has  its  trinity,  its  incarnations 
and  predictions  of  a  Messiah.  There  are  some 
points  of  wide  difference.  Note  :  (1)  It  has  a  God 
(Brahm),  but  he  slumbers  on  from  age  to  age 
without  thought,  emotion  or  moral  attributes. 
(2)  Hinduism  does  not  recognize  the  existence  of  a 
real  soul.  The  worshipper  looks  for  absorption  as 
the  great  good.  (3)  Hinduism  teaches  transmi- 
gration. It  is  said  8,400,000  rebirths  are  possible. 
(4)  Hinduism  has  no  savioui*  and  no  salvation. 

Among  the  great  evils  of  the  system  may  be 
mentioned  the  following  :  (1)  Caste  system.  There 
are  four  main  castes.  These  are  sometimes  divided 
into  hundreds  of  sub-castes.  Beneath  all  these  are 
the  people  who  are  casteless  or  "  outcastes."  "  Not 
only  their  touch,  but  contact  with  their  shadow  is 
counted  a  pollution  by  those  in  caste.  They  have 
no  social  rights  that  any  one  is  bound  to  respect, 
and  their  degradation  is  almost  worse  than 
slavery."  (2)  Degradation  of  married  women. 
Woman  is  the  slave  and  toy  of  man.  She  is 
taught  to  look  upon  her  husband  as  a  god,  and  to 
hope  for  salvation  only  through  him.  (3)  Abuses 
of  Indian  widowhood.  "The  wife's  condition, 
however  low,  is  a  paradise  in  comparison,  unless 
the  widow  be  the  mother  of  sons.  Widow  burning 
is  not  rare  though  forbidden  by  the  British  Gov- 
ernment." (4)  Murder  of  female  infants  and  child 
marriage.  What  was  practiced  openly  before  the 
English  came  to  India  is  secretly  carried  on  now 
as  the  worshippers  are  able. 


28    NINE  EELIGI0N8  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

Hinduism  is  the  prevailing  religion  of  India. 
Adherents  of  the  system  are  distributed  throughout 
the  world  about  as  follows :  Australasia,  1,000 ; 
Malaysia,  27,000  ;  North  America,  94,000 ;  South 
America,  108,000 ;  Africa,  277,000 ;  Asia  outside 
of  India,  2,206,000  ;  India,  207,146,000/ 

i"Blue  Bcx)k  of  Missions,"  Funk  and  Wagnalls. 


BUDDHISM 


VI.    BUDDHISM 


According  to  tradition  Gautama  was  born  about 
542  B.  c.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Sakyan  chief  and 
was  reared  in  the  midst  of  the  wealth  and  display 
of  a  palace.  He  married,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
nine  became  the  father  of  a  son.  For  a  long  time 
he  had  been  greatly  distressed  by  the  scenes  of 
suffering  and  poverty  around  him.  He  renounced 
his  home,  forsook  his  family  and  began  the  life 
of  a  mendicant,  wandering  about  in  poverty 
and  loneliness.  After  much  meditation  and  study 
of  philosophy  he  proclaimed  that  he  had  reached 
"  Buddhahood,"  or  the  place  of  Great  Enlighten- 
ment. From  this  time  until  his  death,  a  period  of 
about  forty-five  years,  he  preached  his  gospel.  We 
find  in  Gautama,  or  Buddha  as  he  is  more  often 
called,  a  man  groping  for  the  truth  in  the  midst  of 
great  darkness.  There  is  an  earnestness  and  self- 
sacrifice  in  his  life  which  contrasts  sharply  with 
the  self-indulgence  of  Mohammed.  He  has  been 
described  as  a  man  of  "  high  thought,  lofty  moral- 
ity, and  virtuous  conduct,  who  was  intensely 
honest  in  his  pursuit  of  truth  and  fearless  and 
patient  in  the  preaching  of  his  doctrine."  How 
much  man  needs  divine  revelation  is  seen  by  the 
grotesque  system  which  he  and  his  followers  devel- 
oped. 

The  "Pitakas"  are  the  writings  of  greatest 
authority  among  the  Buddhists.    There  is  no  evi- 


30    NINE  EELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

dence  that  Buddha  ever  wrote  anything  during  his 
life.  The  Pitakas  were  written  after  his  death  and 
embody  his  doctrines  as  remembered  by  his  con- 
temporary followers. 

Buddhism  does  not  recognize  a  Supreme  Being. 
It  has  been  called  a  "  pessimistic  system  of  philos- 
ophy, at  least  passively  atheistic."  Buddha  is  ele- 
vated "  into  a  kind  of  semi-deification  as  an  object 
of  worship."  Since  there  is  no  personal  god  there 
is  no  true  prayer ;  but,  in  its  place,  the  expression 
of  a  wish  at  the  Buddhist  shrine.  Man  has  no  soul. 
There  being  no  Supreme  Being  there  can  be  no 
true  notion  of  sin.  Buddhist  "  salvation  means  an 
escape  from  existence  which  is  regarded  as  inher- 
ently and  only  evil  and  full  of  suffering." 

Buddha  accepted  the  doctrine  of  transmigration 
from  Brahmanism.  Its  absurdities  may  be  judged 
from  the  following:  "We  read  that  he  (Buddha) 
was  born  eighty -three  times  as  ascetic,  fifty-eight 
times  as  monarch,  forty-three  times  a  deva,  twenty- 
four  times  as  Brahman,  eighteen  times  as  ape,  ten 
times  as  deer,  six  times  as  elephant,  ten  times  as 
lion,  once  a  thief,  once  a  gambler,  once  a  frog,  once 
a  hare,  once  a  snipe,  and  once  he  was  embodied  in 
a  tree.  As  a  Bodisat  (a  predestined  Buddha)  he 
could  not  be  born  in  hell,  nor  as  vermin,  nor  as 
a  woman.  He  could  descend  no  lower  than  a 
snipe." 

The  "Middle  Path"  to  which  all  Buddhists  are 
recommended  consists  of:  (1)  Eight  beliefs  or 
views;    (2)    Right    feelings    or  aims;    (3)  Right 


BUDDHISM  31 

speech ;  (4)  Eight  action ;  (5)  Eight  livelihood ; 
(6)  Eight  endeavour  or  training ;  (7)  Eight  memory ; 
(8)  Eight  meditation.  Five  precepts  are  binding 
upon  all.  They  are  :  (1)  One  should  not  take  life  ; 
(2)  One  should  not  steal ;  (3)  One  should  not  com- 
mit adultery ;  (4)  One  should  not  lie ;  (5)  One 
should  not  drink  intoxicating  liquor.  In  the  sacred 
books  anger,  hatred,  pride,  hypocrisy,  love  of  evil 
company  and  love  of  riches  are  condemned.  On 
the  other  hand  love,  self-control,  forbearance,  rec- 
ognition of  equality,  filial  love  and  reverence  for 
age  are  approved.  It  has  been  said  that  the  end  of 
Buddhist  morality  is  self-interest.  It  is  recognized 
that  to  be  morally  better  is  to  be  happier. 

Though  Buddhism  gives  so  little  help  or  hope  to 
the  people  religiously,  it  is  a  blessing  socially  to 
those  who  have  lived  under  Brahmanism.  The 
system  recognizes  the  equality  of  man  and  thus  des- 
troys caste  and  delivers  woman  from  her  terrible 
degradation. 

Buddhism  is  largely  a  religion  of  Asia.  In  each 
country  it  has  been  changed  to  suit  the  desires  of 
its  new  adherents.  The  Buddhists  of  the  world 
are  distributed  as  follows :  Australasia,  4,000 ; 
]!^orth  America,  5,000 ;  Africa,  11,000 ;  Ocean- 
ica,  15,000 ;  Asia  outside  of  India,  China  and 
Japan,  26,000,000;  India,  9,447,000;  Japan, 
19,858,000  ;  China,  83,000,000/ 

*  From  «  Blue  Book  of  Missions,"  Funk  and  WagnaUs. 


32    NINE  RELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

VII.     MOHAMMEDANISM 

Compared  with  the  older  religions  of  Asia 
Mohammedanism  is  of  recent  origin.  Mohammed 
was  an  Arabian  by  birth  and  training.  He  was 
born  at  Mecca  in  570  a.  d.  In  youth  he  became  a 
trader  and  made  expeditions  into  Palestine  where 
he  came  in  contact  with  Judaism  and  Christianity 
— probably  both  in  corrupted  forms.  The  religion 
of  Arabia  was  a  degrading  polytheism  with  which 
he  was  much  dissatisfied.  His  marriage  to  a 
wealthy  lady  gave  him  leisure.  He  spent  much 
time  in  meditation  at  a  lonely  cave.  Here  it  was 
that  he  evolved  his  religious  system,  at  least  the 
beginnings  of  it,  and  here  he  was  subject  to  strange 
fits  or  prostrations  which  some  regard  as  epileptic 
fits  but  which  he  regarded  as  visions  from  heaven. 
He  launched  the  new  religion  on  the  proposition : 
"  There  is  no  god  but  God,  and  Mohammed  is  His 
prophet."  No  doubt  the  first  part  of  this  state- 
ment was  borrowed  from  Judaism  and  Christianity. 

His  wife  "Khadija"  was  his  first  convert,  but 
others  came  slowly.  After  three  years  he  had  but 
forty  followers.  It  was  not  until  he  began  to  use 
the  sword  for  the  propagation  of  the  faith  that  the 
movement  began  to  take  on  gratifying  proportions. 
To  battle  he  led  his  followers  promising  them  that 
if  they  died  fighting  for  "Islam"  (Islam  means 
passive  resignation  to  the  wiU  of  God,  but  is  often 
used  to  designate  the  religion)  they  would  go  im- 
mediately to  a  sensual  paradise ;  if  they  lived  they 


MOHAMMEDANISM  33 

would  share  with  him  the  booty  taken  in  war.  To 
those  against  whom  he  fought  he  offered  the  choice 
of  three  things :  (1)  They  might  become  Moham- 
medans; (2)  They  might  be  the  servants  of  the 
Mohammedans ;  (3)  They  might  be  slaughtered. 
They  usually  chose  the  first,  and  the  religion  grew 
rapidly,  occupying  Arabia,  North  Africa,  and  then 
crossing  to  Spain  and  France  in  Europe ;  it  captured 
Palestine,  and  moved  on  Europe  from  the  east  also, 
and  became  the  terrible  enemy  of  Christianity  until 
defeated  in  important  battles  in  the  east  and  west. 
The  Koran  is  the  sacred  book  of  the  Moham- 
medans. The  doctrines  and  probably  the  words  are 
those  of  Mohammed  but  the  work  was  produced 
from  memory  after  his  death.  It  has  one  hundred 
and  fourteen  chapters  and  is  a  little  smaller  than 
our  New  Testament.  The  work  contains  a  strange 
mixture  of  falsehood  and  truth.  Its  teachings  are 
"  partly  heathen,  partly  Christian,  but  for  the  most 
part  borrowed  from  Talmudic  Judaism."  In  speak- 
ing of  the  Koran  Mr.  S.  M.  Zwemer,  who  has  been 
a  missionary  to  Arabia  more  than  fifteen  years,  says : 
"  The  defects  of  its  teachings  are  many  :  {a)  It  is 
full  of  historical  errors  ;  (b)  it  contains  monstrous 
fables ;  {c)  it  teaches  a  false  cosmogony ;  id)  it  is 
full  of  superstitions ;  {e)  it  perpetuates  slavery, 
polygamy,  divorce,  religious  intolerance,  the  se- 
clusion and  degradation  of  women,  and  petrifies 
social  life.  AU  this,  however,  is  of  minor  impor- 
tance compared  with  the  fact  that  the  Koran  ever 
keeps  the  supreme  question  of  salvation  from  sin  in 


34    NINE  EELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

the  background,  and  offers  no  doctrine  of  redemp- 
tion by  sacrifice.  In  this  respect  the  Koran  is  in- 
ferior to  the  sacred  books  of  Egypt,  India  and 
China,  though  unlike  them  it  is  monotheistic."  * 

The  Moslem  believes :  (1)  There  is  one  God. 
"  Absolute  sovereignty  and  ruthless  omnipotence  are 
his  chief  attributes,  while  his  character  is  imper- 
sonal "  ;  (2)  Mohammed  is  the  prophet  of  God  ;  (3) 
There  are  angels,  jinn  (a  kind  of  mortal  spirits, 
either  good  or  bad,  much  feared  by  the  ignorant) 
and  demons.  Of  course  the  jinn  is  a  pure  invention 
while  the  angels  and  demons  are  grossly  distorted ; 
(4)  There  is  to  be  a  day  of  judgment  and  a  resurrec- 
tion. However,  the  Moslem  and  the  Christian  in- 
terpret these  terms  differently;  (6)  Predestination 
is  a  strong  article  of  faith. 

The  teachings  of  Mohammedanism  concerning 
the  major  and  minor  prophets  are  interesting, 
especially  to  the  Christian.     Mr.  Zwemer  says  : 

"  Mohammed  is  related  to  have  said  that  there 
were  124,000  prophets  and  315  apostles.  Six  of 
the  latter  are  designated  by  special  titles  and  are 
the  major  prophets  of  Islam.  They  are  as  follows : 
Adam  is  the  chosen  of  God ;  Noah,  the  preacher  of 
God ;  Abraham,  the  friend  of  God ;  Moses,  the 
spokesman  of  God ;  Jesus,  the  word  of  God  ;  and 
Mohammed,  the  apostle  of  God.  In  addition  to 
this  common  title,  Mohammed  has  201  other  names 
and  titles  of  honour  by  which  he  is  known  ! 

*«*  Religions  of  Mission  Fields,"  p.  242.  Student  Volunteer 
Movement. 


MOHAMMEDANISM  86 

"  Only  twenty-two  others — minor  prophets — are 
mentioned  in  the  Koran  beside  these  six,  although 
the  host  of  prophets  is  so  large.  They  are  :  Idris, 
Hud,  Salih,  Ishmael,  Isaac,  Jacob,  Joseph,  Lot, 
Aaron,  Shuaib,  Zacharias,  John  the  Baptist,  David, 
Solomon,  Eiias,  Elijah,  Job,  Jonah,  Ezra,  Lokman, 
Zu'1-Kifl,  and  Zu'l  Karnain. 

****** 

"  Jesus  Christ  is  always  spoken  of  with  respect, 
and  is  one  of  the  greater  prophets.  But  the  idea 
Moslems  have  of  Christ  is,  after  all,  a  very  degrad- 
ing caricature  instead  of  a  true  portrait.  They  say 
He  was  miraculously  born  of  the  Virgin  Mary; 
performed  great  and  also  puerile  miracles ;  was  an 
apostle  of  God  strengthened  by  Gabriel,  whom 
they  call  the  Holy  Spirit ;  He  foretold  the  advent 
of  Mohammed  as  Paraclete  ;  the  Jews  intended  to 
crucify  Him,  but  God  deceived  them,  and  Judas 
was  slain  in  His  stead.  He  is  now  in  one  of  the 
inferior  stages  of  celestial  bliss  ;  He  will  come  again 
at  the  last  day,  will  slay  Antichrist,  kill  all  swine, 
break  the  crosses  that  are  found  on  the  churches, 
and  remove  the  poll-tax  from  the  infidels.  He  will 
reign  justly  for  forty -five  years,  marry,  and  have 
children,  and  be  buried  in  a  grave  ready  for  Him  at 
Medina,  next  to  Mohammed. 

"  Islam  denies  the  incarnation  and  atonement. 
Therefore,  with  all  the  good  names  and  titles  it 
gives  our  Saviour,  Islam  only  proves  itself  the 
Judas  Iscariot  among  false  religions  by  betraying 
the    Son  of  Man  with  a  kiss.    Mohammed  has 


36    NINE  RELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

usurped  Christ's  place  in  the  hearts  and  lives  of  his 
followers.  His  word  is  their  law,  and  his  life  their 
ideal.  Every  religion  has  its  ideals  and  seldom 
rises  above  them.  All  pious  Moslems  consider  their 
prophet  as  the  ideal  of  perfection  and  the  model  of 
conduct.  To  be  perfect  is  to  be  like  Mohammed. 
The  great  sin  and  guilt  of  the  Mohammedan  world 
is  that  it  gives  Christ's  glory  to  another.  All  the 
prophets  that  came  before  are  supplanted.  In  the 
Koran  Mohammed  is  human ;  tradition  has  made 
him  sinless  and  almost  divine.  He  is  called  Light 
of  God,  Peace  of  the  World,  and  First  of  all  Crea- 
tures. What  history  calls  the  faults  of  Moham- 
med's character,  Moslems  consider  his  perfections  or 
privileges,  and  therefore  the  Mohammed  of  sober 
history  and  the  Mohammed  who  has  all  the  halo  of 
tradition,  are  two  different  persons.  Koelle's  life 
of  Mohammed  shows  this  very  plainly,  and  should 
be  read  by  all  who  want  to  know  why  Moslems  ad- 
mire their  prophet. 

"They  believe  he  now  dwells  in  the  highest 
heaven  and  is  several  degrees  above  Jesus,  our 
Saviour,  in  honour  and  station.  His  name  is  never 
uttered  or  written  without  the  addition  of  a  prayer. 
Yet  a  calm  and  critical  study  of  his  life  proves  him 
to  have  been  an  ambitious  and  sensual  enthusiast, 
who  did  not  scruple  to  break  nearly  every  precept 
of  the  moral  law  to  further  his  ends."  ' 

According  to  Mohammed  "  a  Moslem  is  one  who 
is  resigned  and  obedient  to  God's  will  and  bears 

»  "  The  Nearer  and  Farther  East,"  pp.   19-22.     The  Macanillan  Co. 


MOHAl^IMEDANISM  37 

witness  that  there  is  no  god  but  God  and  Moham- 
med is  His  apostle  ;  and  is  steadfast  in  prayer,  and 
gives  zaket  (alms)  and  fasts  in  the  month  of  Kam- 
azan,  and  makes  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  if  he  have 
the  means." 

The  Moslem  may  live  in  gross  sensuality.  Mo- 
hammed set  his  followers  an  example  in  this.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  had  nine  living  wives. 
His  heaven  is  a  place  where  every  appetite  of  the 
flesh  may  find  full  gratification. 

A  glimpse  of  Islam's  morals  may  be  had  from 
the  following :  "  The  very  sanctuaries  of  religion, 
the  pilgrim  centres  in  the  unoccupied  lands,  are 
centres  of  immorality.  This  is  true  of  Meshed, 
Kerbela,  Lhasa,  Medina  and  Mecca.  '  The  Meccans 
appeared  to  be  distinguished,'  says  Burton, '  even  in 
this  foul-mouthed  East,  by  the  superior  licentious- 
ness of  their  language.  Abuse  was  bad  enough  in 
the  streets  but  in  the  house  it  becomes  intolerable.' 
Temporary  marriages,  which  are  a  mere  cloak  for 
open  prostitution,  are  common  in  Mecca  and  are, 
indeed,  one  of  the  chief  means  of  livelihood  for  the 
natives.  Concubinage  and  divorce  are  more  nearly 
universal  than  in  other  parts  of  the  Moslem  world ; 
unnatural  vices  are  practiced  in  the  Sacred  Mosque 
itself,  and  the  suburbs  of  the  city  are  the  scenes  of 
nightly  carnivals  of  iniquity,  especially  after  the 
pilgrims  have  left  and  the  natives  are  rich  with  the 
fresh  spoils  of  the  traffic."  ' 

*  S.  M.  Zwemer,  «•  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields  of  Asia  and  Africa." 
Student  Volunteer  Movement. 


38    NINE  EELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

Mohammedanism  as  the  hope  of  man  is  briefly 
reviewed  by  Principal  Fairbairn :  "  The  God  of 
Mohammed  .  .  .  spares  the  sin  the  Arab  loves. 
A  religion  that  does  not  purify  the  home  cannot 
regenerate  the  race :  one  that  depraves  the  home  is 
certain  to  deprave  humanity.  Motherhood  must 
be  sacred  if  manhood  is  to  be  honourable.  Spoil 
the  wife  of  sanctity,  and  for  the  man  the  sanctities 
of  life  are  perished.  And  so  it  has  been  with 
Islam.  It  has  reformed  and  lifted  savage  tribes ; 
it  has  depraved  and  barbarized  civilized  nations. 
At  the  root  of  its  fairest  culture  a  worm  has  ever 
lived  that  has  caused  its  blossoms  soon  to  wither 
and  die.  Were  Mohammed  the  hope  of  man,  then 
his  state  were  hopeless  ;  before  him  could  only  lie 
retrogression,  tyranny  and  despair."  * 

Mohammedanism  is  the  prevailing  religion  in 
Northern  Africa,  Arabia,  Persia,  Turkey,  Turkestan 
and  Malaysia.  According  to  reliable  estimates' 
Moslems  are  distributed  about  as  follows :  Austral- 
asia, 3,000 ;  South  America,  10,000 ;  North  Amer- 
ica, 15,000 ;  Europe,  8,200,000  ;  Malaysia,  20,760- 
000 ;  Africa,  68,000,000  ;  Asia  outside  of  China  and 
India,  78,000,000;  China,  30,000,000;  India,  62,- 
500,000. 

«  "  The  City  of  God." 

'  All  these  statistics  except  for  North  America,  South  America  and 
Malaysia  are  from  "  World  Almanac,"  1913,  p.  531.  The  three  ex- 
cepted are  from  "  Blue  Book  of  Missions,"  1907. 


JUDAISM 


VIII.    JUDAISM 

The  Jews  of  to-day  are  divided  into  two  great 
classes — the  Orthodox  and  the  Keformed.  The  fol- 
lowing articles  express  fundamental  principles  upon 
which  aU  believers  in  Judaism  agree :  "  I.  We  be- 
lieve that  there  is  one  God,  an  only  Being,  eternal, 
spiritual,  and  most  holy,  who  created  heaven  and 
earth  and  ruleth  the  world  with  perfect  wisdom, 
with  infinite  justice  and  everlasting  love.  He  is 
one  God  and  none  besides  Him.  Him  we  are  bid- 
den to  love  with  all  our  heart,  and  all  our  soul  and 
all  our  might,  exclaiming:  'Hear,  O  Israel,  the 
Lord  our  God,  the  Lord  is  One.'  II.  (a)  We  be- 
lieve that  all  men  are  children  of  God,  endowed 
with  an  immortal  spirit,  destined  to  share  in  the 
eternal  happiness  by  following  His  ways  of  right- 
eousness, (h)  We  also  believe  that  Israel,  having 
been  the  first  to  recognize  God,  hath  received  a 
special  revelation  of  His  will  with  the  mission  of 
being  His  chosen  priest  among  the  nations  to  lead 
them  to  truth  and  salvation.  HI.  We  believe  that 
God  ruleth  and  judgeth  all  men  and  nations  in 
righteousness  and  love.  By  reward  and  punish- 
ments, by  joys  and  sufferings,  He  educateth  and 
leadeth  them  to  ever  higher  aims,  until  at  last  they 
shall  arrive  at  the  end  of  all  time,  when  truth, 
justice  and  peace  shall  unite  mankind  in  the  life  of 
divine  love  and  eternal  salvation,  and  God  will  be 
King  and  Father  of  all.     This  is  the  Kingdom  of 


40    NINE  RELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

God  for  which  we  all  hope  and  wait,  and  for  which 
we  work  with  all  the  strength  of  body  and  soul."  * 

Maimonides,  at  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century, 
formulated  the  thirteen  articles  of  faith  which  the 
Orthodox  Jews  of  the  present  day  accept.  They 
read  as  follows : 

"God  and  His  attributes. — (1)  I  firmly  believe 
that  God  is  the  Creator  and  Kuler  of  all  creatures 
and  that  He  alone  was,  is,  and  will  be  the  maker  of 
everything.  (2)  I  firmly  believe  that  the  Creator 
is  One  :  that  there  is  no  unity  like  unto  His  in  any 
way;  and  that  He  alone  was,  is,  and  will  be 
our  God.  (3)  I  firmly  believe  that  God  is  Incor- 
poreal, and  that  He  has  not  any  corporeal  qualities, 
and  that  nothing  can  be  compared  unto  Him.  (4)  I 
firmly  believe  that  God  was  the  first  and  will  be 
the  last.  (5)  I  firmly  believe  that  it  is  God  alone 
to  whom  we  ought  to  pray,  and  that  no  other  be- 
ing ought  to  be  addressed  in  prayer. 

"  Kevelation  and  prophecy. — (6)  I  firmly  believe 
that  all  the  words  of  the  prophets  are  true.  (7)  I 
firmly  believe  that  the  prophecy  of  our  teacher, 
Moses,  was  a  prophecy  in  the  truest  sense  of  the 
word,  and  that  he  was  the  chief  of  all  prophets,  both 
of  those  before  him  and  those  after  him.  (8)  I 
firmly  believe  that  the  Torah,  at  present  in  our  hand, 
is  the  same  that  was  given  to  our  teacher,  Moses, 
peace  be  with  him.  (9)  I  firmly  believe  that  this 
Law  will  not  be  changed,  and  that  no  other  Law  will 
be  revealed  by  the  Creator,  blessed  be  His  name. 

*  Kohler, "  Guide  for  Instruction  in  Judaism,"  p.  47. 


JUDAISM  41 

"God's  providences  and  justice. — (10)  I  firmly 
believe  that  God  knows  all  the  deeds  of  the  sons  of 
men,  and  all  their  thoughts  ;  as  it  is  said,  He  who 
hath  formed  their  hearts  altogether,  He  knoweth 
all  their  deeds.  (11)  I  firmly  believe  that  God  re- 
wards those  who  keep  His  commandments,  and 
punishes  those  who  transgress  His  commandments. 

"  The  Messiah. — (12)  I  believe  that  the  anointed 
(the  Messiah)  will  come ;  and  although  He  tarries, 
I  wait  nevertheless  every  day  for  His  coming. 

"Future  life.--(13)  I  firmly  believe  that  there 
will  be  a  resurrection  of  the  dead  at  the  time  when 
it  shall  please  the  Creator,  blessed  be  His  name. 

"The  Talmud.— The  Orthodox  Jews  further  be- 
lieve that  on  Mount  Sinai  Moses  received  two  rev- 
elations ;  that  one  found  body  in  the  written  law, 
and  that  the  other  was  handed  down  orally  from 
generation  to  generation.  The  oral  tradition  was 
reduced  to  writing  and  called  Mishna.  The  com- 
ments, criticisms,  explanations  and  discussions  of 
the  learned  rabbis  were  also  collected  and  called 
Gemara.  Mishna  and  Gemara  together  are  called 
Talmud,  and  obedience  is  due  its  prescriptions.  *  The 
Chief  Eabbi  has  resolved  not  to  permit  a  single 
infraction  of  the  Oral  Law,  but  to  have  the  whole 
Talmud  received  and  acknowledged  as  divine,' 
were  the  words  of  the  Chief  Rabbi  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, when  he  confirmed  the  ban  of  excommunica- 
tion against  the  minister  and  congregation  of  the 
Reformed  Synagogue  in  London  in  1845. 

"  Beliefs  of  Reformed  Judaism.— The  Reformed 


42    NINE  EELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

Jews  axe  now  agreed  in  their  dissent  from  Ortho- 
doxy, but  are  divided  in  principle — some  entirely 
ignoring  the  Divinity  of  the  Old  Testament,  some 
accepting  so  much  of  it  as  Divine  as  suits  their  own 
tastes,  and  some  retaining  a  little  of  both  Scripture 
and  Talmud.  They  have  given  up  hope  of  the 
coming  of  a  personal  Messiah,  but  they  wait  for  the 
coming  of  the  Messianic  age,  '  when  justice  will 
reign  supreme  and  love  will  bind  man  unto  man.' 
They  do  not  desire  to  go  back  to  Palestine  and  have 
abandoned  the  use  of  the  Hebrew  language  in 
prayer.  All  sacrificial  prayers  are  omitted,  and 
laws  and  statutes  are  set  down  according  to  the 
present  time.  Thus  the  creed  of  the  Keformed 
Jews  is  a  mixture  of  Unitarianism,  indifferentism, 
and  intellectual  rationalism  which  elevates  philos- 
ophy above  religion. 

"  Modern  Judaism  is  vastly  different  from  the 
religion  inculcated  by  the  Law  of  Moses.  Ee- 
formed  Judaism  is  more  and  more  conforming  its 
services  to  those  of  the  Christian  Church.     .     .     . 

"  Orthodox  Judaism  holds  tenaciously,  like  the 
Pharisees  of  our  Lord's  day,  to  the  letter  of  the 
Law.  But,  alas,  the  scriptures  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment are  an  almost  unknown  book  to  the  great 
mass  of  its  followers.  The  Old  Testament  is  form- 
ally read  in  the  synagogues  every  Sabbath,  a  chap- 
ter at  a  time,  but  it  is  not  often  found  in  their 
dwellings  and  the  Jews  are  generally  ignorant  of 
its  contents.  They  do  not  know  the  prophecies 
about  the  Messiah,  and  to  those  of  them  who  do,  it 


JUDAISM  43 

is  a  very  superficial  knowledge.  The  Bible  is 
crowded  out  by  the  Talmud.  And  the  Talmud  is 
but  the  tradition  of  the  fathers,  such  as  our  Sa- 
viour accused  the  Jews  of  using  to  pervert  the 
Scriptures.  Thus  Orthodox  Judaism,  it  has  been 
weU  said,  wastes  its  strength  in  laborious  triflings 
and  unprofitable  acuteness,  for  which  the  Talmud 
alone  is  responsible.  Six  hundred  and  thirteen  pre- 
cepts are  contained  in  this  immense  work,  which 
controls  and  governs  the  life  of  the  Orthodox  Jew 
and  decides  even  questions  of  the  highest  moment 
for  him. 

"  Circumcision,  the  redemption  of  the  first-born, 
and  the  bar-mitzvah  (son  of  the  commandment)  are 
the  three  ceremonies  in  the  religious  life  of  the  Or- 
thodox Jew  which  are  directly  traceable  to  ancient 
times.  The  wearing  of  the  phylacteries  and  the 
fringes,  and  the  putting  of  the  m'zuzah  (sign)  upon 
the  door-post  are  based  upon  Scripture  passages,  as 
they  were  interpreted  by  the  rabbis,  who  contrib- 
uted to  the  Talmud.  Eighty  days  of  the  year 
have  to  be  sacrificed  to  religious  duties  and  ob- 
servances. Twenty-one  services  every  week  are 
held  in  the  synagogue  all  the  year  round.  The 
grace  after  every  meal  takes  up  about  ten  minutes. 
'No  water  should  be  drunk,  no  food  be  eaten,  no 
flower  be  smelled,  yea,  no  thunder  be  heard  with- 
out the  offering  of  the  prescribed  prayers.  Birth 
or  death,  joy  or  sorrow,  all  require  special  prayers 
and  religious  exercises.  The  festivals  of  Biblical 
times  are  still  kept,  but,  alas,  are  buried  under  a 


44    NINE  EEUGIONS  OP  MISSION  LANDS 

mass  of  liturgical  and  ceremonial  prescriptions  of 
the  Talmud.  In  brief,  Talmudism  is  slavery  of  the 
mind,  unparallelled,  except  perhaps  by  the  popery 
of  the  dark  ages  of  Christendom. 

"  The  weakness  and  evils  of  both  Orthodox  and 
Keformed  Judaism  are  caused  by  the  fact  that  in 
neither  section  does  the  Word  of  God  pure  and  sim- 
ple hold  sway.  The  Orthodox  Jew  has  added  to 
the  Word  of  God ;  the  Keformed  has  taken  away 
from  it."  * 

Most  of  the  Hebrew  race  cling  to  Judaism  in 
some  form.  The  Jews  have  no  national  home,  but 
according  to  prophecy,  are  dispersed  throughout  the 
earth.  About  9,000,000  of  the  Jews  of  the  world 
are  found  in  Europe;  2,100,000  of  these  are  in  Aus- 
tria Hungary  and  5,400,000  are  in  Kussia  ;  Asia  has 
about  700,000,  Africa  400,000,  Australasia  17,000, 
and  South  America  9,000  Jews ;  1,100,000  is  the 
estimated  Jewish  population  of  the  United  States,* 

'  Rev.  Louis  Meyer,  "  Religions  of  Mission  Fields,"  pp.  216-220. 

•The  above  statistics  taken  from  the  "  World  Almanac,"  1913* 
p.  531,  are  probably  quite  conservative,  especially  with  regard  to 
South  America  and  the  United  States.  Some  authorities  claim 
22,000  Jews  for  South  America  and  2,044,000  for  the  United  States. 
About  900,000  of  the  Jews  of  the  United  States  are  found  in  New 
York  State  and  most  of  these  in  New  York  City.  The  Jews  are 
coming  to  this  country  at  the  rate  of  about  90,000  per  year. 


EOMAN  CATHOLICISM  45 


IX.     EOMAN  CATHOLICISM 

The  Koman  Catholic  Church  as  we  have  it  to- 
day is  not  the  work  of  a  single  mind  or  a  single 
generation.  Its  organization,  doctrines,  standards 
and  abuses  are  the  product  of  centuries  of  develop- 
ment. 

To  those  who  live  in  Christian  lands  it  might 
seem  unnecessary  to  comment  on  this  religious  sys- 
tem, since  we  come  so  frequently  in  contact  with  it. 
It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  Catholicism 
in  the  United  States  or  Great  Britain  is  very  differ- 
ent from  the  same  religion  in  Mexico  or  South 
America.  In  enlightened  Protestant  lands  Cathol- 
icism is  what  it  must  be  ;  in  the  Catholic  countries 
of  Europe,  and  especially  of  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere, it  is  what  it  can  be.  Protestant  civiliza- 
tion has  a  standard  of  morals  and  respectability 
which  does  not  exist  under  priest-controlled  gov- 
ernments. Hence,  Catholicism's  degrees  of  bad- 
ness. In  countries  where  the  ignorance  of  the  peo- 
ple will  permit,  the  priest  often  assumes  the  right 
to  dictate,  not  only  in  matters  spiritual,  but  also  in 
affairs  financial,  domestic,  and  political.  Some 
evils  of  the  priesthood  are  illustrated  in  the  follow- 
ing: 

"The  open  avarice  of  the  priests  is  the  most 
shocking  and  deplorable  thing  about  Romanism  in 
the  countries  where  it  has  had  unchecked  develop- 
ment.    They  charge    a  fee  for  everything, — for 


46    NINE  EELIGIONS  OP  MISSION  LANDS 

baptisms,  marriages,  masses,  funerals,  all, — insist 
on  payment  in  advance,  and  instead  of  a  fixed 
schedule  vary  the  fee,  demanding  always  as  much 
as  they  think  they  can  get.  So  exorbitant  is  their 
usual  price  for  marriage  that  thousands  of  couples 
in  every  Catholic  country  live  together  and  rear 
their  children  without  having  been  married."  ^ 

"After  having  persuaded  a  man  that  being  a 
holy  priest  he  can  really  do  no  wrong,  and  after 
putting  in  his  hands,  like  clay  for  the  potter,  the 
wills  and  virtue  of  his  flock,  the  Church  places  the 
same  priest  under  the  artificial  restraints  of  celibacy 
and  poverty.  To  the  clamour  of  his  animal  passions 
and  of  his  human  concupiscence  he  now  applies  the 
specious  reasoning  which  he  has  already  learned, 
namely,  so  long  as  he  is  a  holy  priest  his  conduct 
as  a  man  does  not  matter.  There  can  be  but  one 
result.  In  countries  where  a  powerful  and  evan- 
gelically trained  public  sentiment  does  not  restrain 
them,  Catholic  priests  are  the  embodiment  of 
venality  and  sexual  corruption.  They  are  in  this 
largely  the  victims  of  a  system.  Having  little  re- 
course for  personal  religion  except  that  of  artificial 
absolution  at  the  hands  of  another  man,  as  sinful, 
perhaps  as  themselves,  an  absolution  which  can  by 
no  sort  of  means  satisfy  the  conscience,  they  are  on 
the  other  hand  beset  by  temptations  and  opportu- 
nities to  which  not  even  the  purest  and  most  robust 
of  Christians  could  safely  be  exposed. 

"  The  emphasis  on  sexual  impurity  which  is  the 

*  Geo.  B.  Winton,  "  Religions  of  Mission  Fields,"  pp.  283-284. 


EOMAIS^  CATHOLICISM  47 

inevitable  concomitant  of  that  theory  which  under- 
lies the  celibate  priesthood,  is  carried  still  farther 
in  the  practical  workings  of  Catholicism  by  the  de- 
grading intimacies  and  treacherous  suggestions  of 
the  confessional.  A  morbid  morality  has  thrown 
into  powerful  relief  this  particular  weakness  of  the 
flesh,  until,  by  the  very  reaction  of  human  nature 
against  the  over-refinements  of  a  theology  which 
offers  no  efficient  remedy  for  the  evil  which  it  aug- 
ments by  so  constantly  condemning,  Catholic  popu- 
lations have  become  notorious  as  among  the  most 
corrupt  in  the  world. 

*'  This  connection  between  the  tenets  of  the 
Catholic  faith  and  the  condition  of  the  priests 
and  people  in  Catholic  countries  will  serve  to  ex- 
plain the  statement  made  above,  that  the  defects 
of  Catholicism  are  radical ;  they  inhere  in  her  fun- 
damental doctrines.  Given  the  power,  the  tempta- 
tions and  the  moral  bias  which  are  the  lot  of  a 
man  trained  to  be  a  priest,  and  the  chances  are  so 
favourable  for  his  downfall,  that  virtually  his  only 
hope  is  in  a  bracing  atmosphere  of  public  senti- 
ment. That,  however,  he  cannot  have  if  sur- 
rounded by  an  ignorant  and  subservient  people. 
The  countries  where  Catholicism  is  predominant 
should  be  cultivated  by  the  evangelical  churches  as 
mission  fields,  not  merely  that  many  people  may 
receive  a  clearer  conception  and  experience  of 
Christianity  than  that  given  by  Catholicism,  but 
also  that  Catholicism  itself,  which  has  there  grown 
stagnant  by  uninterrupted  power,  may  be  toned 


48    NINE  EELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

up  by  the  wholesome  pressure  which  will  come 
upon  it  through  popular  enlightenment.  Catholi- 
cism, as  scarcely  need  be  said,  has  many  elements  of 
Christian  truth,  and  when  raised  to  its  best  estate 
through  competition  with  Protestantism  amid  an 
intelligent  and  moral  population,  may  prove  a  val- 
uable agency  for  developing  religious  life  among 
men.*  But  those  that  have  to  deal  with  it,  from 
without  or  from  within,  should  never  forget  that 
it  has  at  its  very  centre  a  gnawing  worm  of  error. 
The  minister  of  the  Gospel  is  a  prophet,  not  a 
priest.  He  cannot  forgive  sins.  He  cannot  offer 
a  propitiation.  He  cannot  open  or  close  the  gate 
of  heaven.  Christ's  people  are  all  priests — a  king- 
dom of  priests — in  the  sense  that  each  can  for  him- 
self plead  the  merits  of  the  one  great  Sacrifice,  and 
offer  the  incense  of  a  holy  life,  itself  a  living  sacri- 
fice. But,  in  the  sense  of  mediation,  since  Christ 
there  are  no  priests."  ^ 

Beside  the  evils  that  are  the  direct  outgrowth  of 
the  priesthood  and  false  system  of  Catholicism,  are 
others  which  are  the  accompaniments  of  the  sys- 
tem— that  must  be  present  if  the  system  is  to  be 
maintained.  A  thorough  Christian  civilization,  a 
high  educational  standard,  a  knowledge  of  the 
Bible  with  true  conceptions  of  liberty,  religious 
and  political,  tend  to  undermine  Catholicism. 
Hence  the  attitude  of  the  papacy  and  priesthood 

*  It  is  doubtful  whether  Catholicism,  under  the  very  best  condi- 
tions, justifies  the  latter  part  of  this  statement. — Author. 

*  Geo.  B.  Winton,  "  Religions  of  Mission  Fields,"  pp.  373-275. 


EOMAN  CATHOLICISM  49 

towards  institutions  and  conditions  much  treasured 
by  Protestants.     Quoting  from  Mr.  Winton  again : 

"A  corollary  of  the  theory  that  the  priest's 
authority  in  religious  matters  is  absolute  is  that 
the  people  should  not  think  too  much  for  them- 
selves. The  exact  definition  of  how  much  they 
should  think  becomes,  of  course,  a  flexible  matter, 
which  must  be  left  to  the  priest.  To  keep  intact 
the  integrity  of  his  somewhat  artificial  system,  he 
is  sure  to  find  it  desirable  for  them  to  think  as 
little  as  possible.  It  is  especially  trying  to  him  for 
them  to  think  on  the  basis  of  Scripture.  The  most 
ignorant  man,  with  the  Bible  in  his  hands,  can  ask 
questions  which  will  shake  the  Catholic  fabric  of 
doctrine  to  its  centre. 

"  The  result  of  all  this  has  been  that  wherever 
Catholicism  is  in  the  ascendent  the  Bible  is  a  pro- 
hibited book  and  schools  are  at  a  discount.  These 
are  two  great  crimes  against  humanity.  It  is, 
unfortunately,  no  more  necessary  to  adduce  facts 
in  illustration  of  them,  than  to  quote  testimony  to 
prove  the  corruption  of  the  priests.  The  facts  are 
universally  known.  They  cry  to  heaven.  Under 
the  pretext  of  protesting  against  godless  education, 
Catholicism  is  the  enemy  of  the  public  school  in 
every  nation,  openly  when  it  is  safe,  covertly  other- 
^vise,  but  implacable  always.  If  this  attitude  were 
reaUy  sincere  it  would  be  a  position  worthy  of 
respect.  The  best  thought  of  the  world  holds  that 
religious  training  should  be  an  integral  part  of 
education ;  the  thing  she  is  really  fighting  is  the 


60    NINE  EELIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

enlightenment  of  the  people,  and  the  very  simple 
reason  for  this  is  that  once  they  are  enlightened  the 
priests  can  no  longer  assert  over  them  their 
authority."  * 

Mr.  Winton  farther  suggests  that  the  Catholic 
Church  divorces  morality  from  religion:  "By 
making  the  sanctions  of  the  church  depend  on  com- 
pliance with  purely  ceremonial  requirements, — acts 
which  do  not  take  hold  upon  the  moral  conscious- 
ness nor  involve  any  inward  change, — Catholicism 
has  come  to  exhibit  the  surprising  phenomenon  of 
bad  men  and  women  who  are,  as  they  believe  and 
have  been  taught,  good  Christians.     .     .     . 

''  The  Christian  religion,  as  I  have  already  pointed 
out,  has  but  a  poor  reputation  among  the  thought- 
ful in  those  countries  where  the  Catholic  Church, 
unchallenged  and  unchecked,  is  its  only  representa- 
tive. And  no  wonder.  The  highwayman  and  thief 
are  there  often  reckoned  good  Christians.  The 
bull-fighter  and  the  low  cheat  may  be  loyal  sons  of 
the  church.  Men  by  paying  to  the  priest  not  only 
get  pardon  for  their  past  sins,  but  for  those  which 
they  intend  to  commit.  The  priest  will — also  for  a 
price,  paid  in  advance — engage  to  interfere  with 
the  disposal  of  affairs  in  the  spirit  world  and  to 
lighten  the  penalties  of  those  who  were  hurried 
there  without  due  preparation. 

"  So  it  comes  to  pass  that  one's  welfare,  present 
and  eternal,  depends  upon  how  he  stands  with  the 
priest,  who,  having  charge  of  those  things,  kindly 

iQao.  B.  Winton, ««  Religions  of  Mission  Fields,"  pp.  275-276. 


ROMAN  CATHOLICISM  61 

reduces  it  all  to  a  financial  schedule,  so  that  he  may 
know  just  how  to  dispose  of  it.  The  principle  of 
absolution,  of  delegating  all  moral  responsibility, 
is  thus  firmly  established.  The  people  will  not 
think,  because  the  priest  thinks  for  them.  They 
need  not  heed  their  consciences,  for  he  is  the  con- 
science of  them  all.  Thus  are  they  robbed  of  that 
moral  development  without  which  there  can  be  no 
true  religion,  and  still  less  any  true  morality.  Re- 
ligion, which  should  develop  the  moral  nature  and 
be  a  tonic  and  stimulant  to  the  spiritual  man,  has 
become  merely  an  objective  spectacle,  moving 
indeed,  and  highly  respected,  but  external  never- 
theless and  unmoral.  The  unfortunate  but  inevi- 
table tendency  to  venality  on  the  part  of  the  priests 
only  makes  matters  worse.  Men  lose  respect  for  a 
salvation  that  can  be  bought,  and  even  more  for  a 
religious  teacher  who  professes  to  sell  it."  * 

The  Catholic  Church  complains  against  Protes- 
tant missionary  enterprise  on  the  ground  that  mis- 
sionaries are  sent  into  territory  dominated  by  Ca- 
tholicism. A  few  years  ago  a  great  Protestant 
missionary  convention  was  visited  by  dignitaries  of 
the  Roman  Church  who  insinuated  that  the  non- 
Catholic  churches  should  be  charitable  enough  to 
confine  their  operations  to  non-Christian  lands. 
Without  careful  investigation  it  might  seem  that 
Catholicism  has  reason  for  her  complaint  in  the 
matter.  However,  when  the  evidence  is  examined 
and  the  testimony  of  scores  of  trustworthy  author- 

i«  Religions  of  Mission  Fields,"  pp.  282-283. 


62    NINE  EBLIGIONS  OF  MISSION  LANDS 

ities  has  been  received  it  is  found  that  such  fields 
as  Mexico  and  South  America,  while  nominally 
Christian,  are  dominated  by  superstition,  ignorance 
and  immorality  unknown  in  truly  Christian  lands. 
Whether  or  not  people  living  under  such  religious 
instruction  as  is  herein  described  are  as  much  in 
need  of  the  Gospel  of  Christ  as  those  who  live 
under  Hinduism  or  Mohammedanism  is  a  question 
for  the  reader  to  decide. 

Catholicism  predominates  in  Ireland,  the  countries 
of  southwestern  Europe,  South  America,  Mexico, 
the  Philippines  and  other  islands  beside  many 
smaller  areas.  The  Eoman  Catholics  of  the  world 
number  268,000,000.  About  two-thirds  of  these, 
179,100,000,  live  in  Europe.  There  are  12,763,234 
Koman  Catholics  in  the  United  States.'  Care  must 
be  taken  in  comparing  these  statistics  with  those  of 
the  Protestant  churches,  for  the  Catholic  Church 
counts  all  the  members  of  the  family,  even  small 
children,  among  its  communicants. 

1  «  World  Almanac  "  for  19 1 3,  pp.  SS^SS^- 


PART  II 
The  Fields 


PART  II 
The  Fields 


I.     ASIA 

THE  vast  continent  of  Asia  has  an  area  of 
17,053,248  square  miles,'  thus  comprising 
about  one-third  of  the  land  surface  of  the 
earth.  It  is  considerably  larger  than  North  and 
South  America  combined. 

More  than  one-half  of  the  people  of  the  globe 
live  in  Asia.  Reliable  authority  places  the  popula- 
tion at  902,094,774.*  The  continent  is  largely  under 
the  domination  of  three  great  governments  which 
control  populations  about  as  follows :  China,  407,- 
253,000;^  England,  302,000,000  ;  Russia,  25,000,000. 

To  the  student  of  missions  Asia  is  of  preeminent 
importance.  Here  are  found  the  well-known  and 
populous  mission  fields  of  China,  India  and  Japan, 
and  in  addition  populations  practically  unknown 
and  uncared  for  by  the  Christian  world  but  not 
lost  to  the  eye  and  love  of  God.  We  shall  pass  to 
a  brief  survey  of  these  fields,  having  regard  to 
relative  importance  in  the  allotment  of  space  to 
each. 

»  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  Atlas,  1912.  « Ibid.  » Ibid. 

66 


56  THE  FIELDS 

1.  Chiita 

The  Chinese  Kepublic  has  a  territory  of  about 
4,277,170  *  square  miles,  comprising  about  one-third 
of  all  Asia.  It  is  thus  much  larger  than  the  whole 
of  Europe.  The  republic  is  composed  of  China 
Proper,  which  is  made  up  of  the  eighteen  provinces 
and  comprises  about  one-third  of  the  area  of  the 
whole,  and  the  vast  dependencies  of  Manchuria, 
Mongolia,  Chinese  Turkestan  (or  Sin  Kiang)  ^  and 
Tibet. 

To  speak  of  the  "  climate  of  China  "  is  as  indefi- 
nite as  to  speak  of  that  of  the  United  States. 
China  reaches  a  little  farther  to  the  north  and  a 
little  farther  to  the  south  than  does  the  United 
States,  and  is  subject  to  similar  variations  of  alti- 
tude, moisture,  temperature  and  health  conditions. 
Tibet  is  a  vast  plateau  lying  between  the  two  high- 
est mountain  chains  in  the  world,  and  is  thus  pre- 
vailingly cold  and  often  bleak  and  barren.  On  the 
other  hand  certain  provinces  of  China  Proper  are 
so  hot  and  unhealthful  at  certain  seasons  of  the 
year  as  to  be  oppressive  and  even  dangerous  to  the 
foreigner.  Between  these  extremes  lie  the  various 
mild  or  invigorating  climates  enjoyed  in  many  of 
our  states. 

The  Chinese  nation  boasts  greater  antiquity  than 

1  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  Atlas,  191 2.  The  estimates  of  the 
area  of  China  differ  widely  because  of  the  ill-defined  boundaries  of 
some  of  the  dependencies. 

'  Sin  Kiang  is  sometimes  reckoned  as  one  of  the  provinces.  In 
that  case  there  are  nineteen  provinces  and  only  three  dependencies. 


ASIA  57 

any  other  in  the  world.  For  thousands  of  years 
there  was  little  change  or  progress  in  the  govern- 
mental affairs  of  this  people,  until  February,  1912, 
when  the  old  Manchu  Dynasty  was  overthrown  and 
a  republic  established  to  succeed  the  empire.  The 
new  government  seems  able  to  sustain  itself,  and  is 
proving  strong  and  wise  enough  to  cope  with  the 
great  problems  of  the  young  republic,  much  to  the 
surprise  of  Western  nations.  The  change  means 
an  open  door  for  Western  commerce,  education, 
ideas  and  progress ;  and  probably  greater  liberty 
and  protection  for  the  Christian  missionary. 

Numerically,  China  is  the  greatest  of  nations. 
The  population  is  407,253,253.'  This  far  exceeds 
the  total  population  of  the  earth  outside  of  Asia 
and  Europe.  Nearly  one-fourth  of  the  earth's  in- 
habitants live  under  the  Chinese  government.  To 
get  a  fair  idea  of  the  density  of  the  population, 
however,  one  must  remember  that  nine-tenths  of 
the  people  of  China  live  in  China  Proper,  which 
comprises  only  one-third  of  the  territory  of  the  re- 
public. The  dependencies  of  Sin  Kiang  and  Mon- 
golia only  have  about  two  persons  to  the  square 
mile,  while  in  the  eighteen  provinces  the  population 
ranges  from  sixty-seven  to  the  square  mile  in 
Kwang-si  to  683  in  Shan-tung.  The  average  for 
China  Proper  will  materially  exceed  250  per  square 
mile.  The  square  mile  average  for  North  America 
is  a  little  above  twelve.  Though  the  population  of 
China  is  so  great,  the  large  cities  are  comparatively 

»  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  Atlas,  1912. 


58  THE  FIELDS 

few.  There  are  no  cities  that  compare  with  New 
York  and  Chicago  in  size,  and  only  eleven  that 
have  over  500,000  inhabitants. 

Socially,  China  is  as  well  off  as  one  could  expect, 
considering  the  dark  and  Christless  religions  that 
have  prevailed  there  these  thousands  of  years. 
Confucianism  has  had  high  moral  standards  but 
has  "  lacked  in  moral  dynamics  to  make  them  more 
than  partly  realized  in  social  life."  Buddhism, 
Taoism  and  Mohammedanism  have  not  only  lacked 
the  "  moral  dynamics  "  but  the  moral  standards. 
To  those  who  think  that  China  does  not  need  social 
uplift,  it  will  be  interesting  to  know  that  an  intelli- 
gent Chinaman  thought  that  the  first  chapter  of 
the  epistle  to  the  Eomans  was  positive  proof  against 
the  antiquity  of  our  Scriptures,  "  for,"  said  he,  in 
speaking  to  the  missionary  with  whom  he  con- 
versed, "  there  is  a  passage,"  pointing  to  Komans  i., 
"that  you  wrote  yourself  after  coming  here  and 
getting  acquainted  with  the  Chinese." 

Trustworthy  authorities '  give  the  religious  sta- 
tistics of  China  as  follows:  Confucianists  and 
Taoists,  284,000,000;  Buddhists,  83,000,000;  Mo- 
hammedans, 33,000,000;  Polytheists,  17,000,000; 
Koman  Catholics,  968,168  ;  Protestant  Christians, 
470,184 ;    Jews,    20,000.     Balance    miscellaneous. 

^  Of  the  statistics  given  above,  those  of  Catholicism  and  Protes- 
tant Christianity  arc  from  the  «  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions." 
The  others  are  from  the  "  Blue  Book  of  Missions."  The  "  Atlas  " 
is  published  by  Student  Volunteer  Movement  and  the  "  Blue  Book  " 
by  Funk  and  Wagnalls. 


ASIA  59 

One  is  likely  to  be  led  astray  by  these  statistics  un- 
less he  remembers  that  the  Chinese,  as  one  has 
said,  "  are  liberal  in  matters  of  religious  belief  so 
far  as  to  share  their  worship  among  the  three  sys- 
tems,— Confucianism,  Taoism  and  Buddhism.  The 
proportion  belonging  to  each  is  hard  to  estimate, 
for  the  prudent  Chinese  does  in  religious  matters 
what  the  shrewd  Yankee  does  in  business, — takes 
a  share  in  each." 

China  has  4,475 '  foreign  missionaries  and  13,375  * 
native  workers.  At  the  first  glance  this  may  seem 
like  a  large  evangelizing  force.  By  calculation, 
however,  we  find  that  there  is  but  one  missionary 
to  each  90,000  of  the  population,  and  that  the 
parish  of  this  one  missionary  covers  an  area  of  ap- 
proximately 1,000  square  miles.  If  the  state  of 
Ohio  had  forty-five  Protestant  ministers,  and  each 
of  these  ministers  had  three  helpers,  that  state 
would  be  about  as  well  supplied  with  workers  as 
China  is  at  the  present  time.  (Ohio  has  about 
9,000  ministers.)  Ohio  has  decidedly  the  advan- 
tage in  this  comparison  because  of  her  facilities  for 
communication  and  transportation. 

As  might  be  expected  in  a  country  where  there  is 
one  hundred  times  as  much  work  as  the  missionary 
force  can  accomplish,  the  workers  are  very  un- 
equally distributed.  One  province  is  so  highly 
favoured  as  to  have  one  missionary  to  every  27,000 
of  the  population.  Of  course  the  thorough  evan- 
gelization (?)  of  this    province  means    that    some 

1  See  table. 


60  THE  FIELDS 

other  district  must  suffer  a  dearth  of  labourers 
greater  than  the  average.  Kwei-chau  has  332,000 
persons  to  each  missionary. 

The  cities  are  the  strategic  centres  in  any  mis- 
sion field.  These  populous  communities  are  usually 
occupied  first,  and  workers  sent  out  from  them  to 
surrounding  towns  and  villages.  In  view  of  this 
truth  it  is  amazing  to  know  that  of  the  2,033 
walled  cities  of  China  1,557  are  without  mission- 
aries.* In  the  province  of  Ho-nan  "more  than 
1,846  cities,  towns  and  important  villages  are 
located,  while  there  are,  in  addition,  countless 
numbers  of  hamlets  and  villages  which  cannot  be 
marked.  Though  it  is  now  more  than  a  genera- 
tion since  the  first  Protestant  missionaries  entered 
the  province,  and  over  twenty  years  since  the  first 
permanent  station  was  opened,  the  total  number  of 
centres  occupied  by  all  societies  (out-stations  not 
being  counted)  does  not  exceed  twenty-nine.  Here 
lies  part  of  the  problem  of  the  evangelization  of 
China  ;  and  let  it  be  remembered  that  this  is  but 
one  of  the  nineteen  provinces  of  China  Proper."  * 

"Of  the  eighteen  provinces,  it  is  difficult  to 
speak  at  all  accurately  as  to  what  districts  are 
wholly  without  the  Gospel,  since  we  have  no  re- 
ports of  itineration.  Apparently  four-fifths  of 
Kan-su,  Yun-nan,  Kwei-chau  and  Kwang-si  are  not 
only  absolutely  unreached,  but  are  likely  to  remain 
so  until  missionaries  are  near  enough  to  be  acces- 

*  S.  M.  Zwemer,  •'  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields,"  p.  51. 

*  «« China's  Millions,"  February,  1908,  p.  27. 


ASIA  61 

sible  to  the  people."  '  According  to  this  estimate 
we  have  in  these  four  sparsely  settled  provinces  a 
field  as  large  as  the  combined  areas  of  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Missouri,  Wisconsin  and  Colo- 
rado, with  a  population  about  equal  to  the  com- 
bined populations  of  these  states,  without  any 
regular  preaching  of  the  GospeL 

Of  the  people  of  China  Proper  perhaps  one-tenth 
are  Mohammedans.  These  thirty-three  or  more 
millions  of  Moslems  total  a  population  greater  than 
the  whole  population  of  that  portion  of  the  United 
States  lying  west  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver.  For 
various  reasons  these  people  have  been  overlooked 
or  neglected.  With  a  few  unimportant  exceptions, 
there  is  no  missionary  work  being  done  among  them 
and  no  Kterature  suited  to  their  needs. 

Turning  from  China  Proper  to  the  dependencies, 
we  find  a  need  equally  great  and  harder  to  supply 
because  of  the  vastness  of  the  territory  involved. 

Manchuria,  a  dependency  lying  to  the  northeast 
of  China  Proper,  and  exactly  north  of  Korea,  has 
twenty-four  mission  stations  and  107  missionaries. 
The  average  mission  station  has  750,000  people  scat- 
tered over  an  area  of  15,000  square  miles,  under  its 
care.  To  the  west  of  Manchuria  and  north  and 
northwest  of  the  eighteen  provinces  is  the  vast  terri- 
tory of  uncertain  boundary  known  as  Mongolia, 
the  largest  of  the  dependencies.  This  district  is 
sparsely  populated — about  two  persons  to  the 
square  mile.     There  are  four  mission  stations  with 

1  Report  of  World  Missionary  Conference,  Edinburgh,  1910,  Vol.  I. 


62  THE  FIELDS 

a  total  of  ten  missionaries.  Here  an  average  station 
with  two  or  three  missionaries  must  supply  the 
spiritual  needs  of  650,000  persons  scattered  over  a 
modest  parish  of  342,000  square  miles.  (A  terri- 
tory larger  than  Colorado,  Nebraska,  Missouri,  In- 
diana and  New  York  combined.)  Mr.  S.  M.  Zwemer 
says  that  2,000,000  of  Mongolia's  people  are  wholly 
unreached.  Chinese  Turkestan  is  the  western  de- 
pendency south  and  southwest  of  Mongolia  and 
west  and  a  little  north  of  China  Proper.  Here 
eighteen  missionaries  live  at  three  mission  stations. 
About  200,000  natives  living  in  an  area  of  183,000 
square  miles  are  dependent  upon  one  mission.  The 
fourth  dependency,  Tibet,  lies  directly  west  of  the 
eighteen  provinces.  In  this  peculiar  country  of 
6,500,000  souls  there  is  no  Christian  missionary. 
Keligious  intolerance  and  fanaticism  have  thus  far 
prevented  the  establishment  of  a  single  station 
within  its  borders.  Occasionally  a  missionary  or 
colporteur  will  cross  the  border  into  the  forbidden 
land  despite  the  risk  involved. 

China,  with  her  unconverted  and  unevangelized 
millions,  stands  out  as  a  mighty  challenge  to  the 
Christian  world.  Knowing  the  character  of  our 
Lord  and  His  interest  in  the  spread  of  His  Gospel 
and  the  deliverance  of  men  from  the  thraldom  of 
sin,  one  cannot  believe  that  it  is  the  will  of  God 
that  China  should  be  religiously  where  she  is  to- 
day, or  that  she  be  passed  on  by  the  present  gen- 
eration of  Christians  to  the  next,  to  be  in  turn 
neglected  by  them.     Shall  this  great   nation   be 


ABIA  63 

evangelized,  or  must  it  be  confessed  that  Christian 
consecration  is  insufficient  for  the  task  ? 

Salient  Facts  About  China 

Area  :  4,277,170  square  miles. 

Population  :  407,235,253. 

Government :  Republic. 

Religions  :  Confucianism,  Taoism  and  Buddhism  pre- 
vailing.    Mohammedanism  strong. 

Recent  national  achievements :  A  new  republic. 
Great  industrial,  commercial  and  intellectual 
awakenings.     Opium  trade  being  suppressed. 

China  has 
Twenty-four  centuries'   growth  for  Confucianism 
and  Taoism. 

470,184  Protestant  Christians. 
1,557  walled  cities  without  missionaries. 
4,475  Protestant  missionaries. 
13,375  native  helpers. 


64 


THE  FIELDS 


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66  THE  FIELDS 

2.    India 

India  is  a  great  territory  of  southern  Asia  lying 
south  and  southwest  of  China  and  southeast  of 
Persia  and  Afghanistan.  To  the  south  are  the  Bay 
of  Bengal,  Indian  Ocean  and  Arabian  Sea.  The 
extreme  length  and  breadth  are  about  equal — 1,900 
miles.  The  empire,  having  an  area  of  1,766,576 
square  miles,  is  more  than  one-half  as  large  as  the 
United  States. 

North  India  reaches  to  latitude  40°,  about  as  far 
north  as  Columbus,  O.  Southern  Ceylon  extends 
to  within  6°  of  the  equator.  The  climate  is  usually 
tropical.  At  Jacobabad  the  thermometer  sometimes 
reaches  125  degrees  in  the  shade.  In  northern 
India  are  to  be  found  the  highest  mountains  in  the 
world.  Of  course  the  climate  here  is  moderate,  or 
even  very  cold  in  some  places  at  certain  seasons  of 
the  year. 

England  claims  supremacy  over  all  India.  More 
than  three-fourths  of  the  people  are  governed  di- 
rectly by  British  officers.  The  remainder  live  in 
semi-independent  native  states  and  are  allowed  a 
degree  of  freedom  in  the  administration  of  their  in- 
ternal affairs.  The  British  officer,  however,  is  al- 
ways resident  at  the  seat  of  government  and  takes 
an  active  part  in  matters  that  concern  the  interests 
of  the  British  Empire. 

Numerically,  India  is  second  only  to  China.  The 
population  of  294,361,056 '  is  more  than  three  times 
that  of  the  United  States.     The  average  number  of 

^Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  191 1  edition. 


ASIA  «7 

persons  to  the  square  mile  is  about  166.  The  peo- 
ple of  the  country  speak  147  distinct  languages. 
Eighty-five  per  cent,  of  India's  people  can  neither 
read  nor  write. 

Hinduism  is  the  dominating  religion  of  India. 
The  social  conditions,  which  are  probably  worse 
than  anywhere  else  on  earth,  are  largely  due  to  the 
influence  of  this  dark  cult,  which  has  held  India  in 
its  grasp  for  many  centuries.  The  iniquitous  caste 
system  is  one  of  the  worst  social  products  of  Hin- 
duism. The  system  owns  but  four  main  castes,  but 
each  of  these  is  broken  into  many  subdivisions. 
"  There  are  said  to  be  1,866  sub-castes  among  the 
Brahmans  alone,  and  the  lower  castes  are  still 
more  complex — and  even  the  outcastes  have  their 
distinctions,  as  binding  among  themselves  as 
those  among  the  higher  classes."  *  One  loses  his 
standing  in  society  if  he  marries  out  of  his 
sub-caste.  The  outcastes  have  no  social  or  relig- 
ious rights  that  any  one  is  bound  to  respect.  To 
touch,  or  even  come  in  contact  with  the  shadow 
of  one  of  them  is  counted  a  pollution  by  one 
in  caste.  There  are  about  50,000,000  outcastes  in 
India. 

Nowhere  else  in  the  world  does  woman  suffer  so 
much  degradation,  shame  and  general  mistreat- 
ment as  in  India.  Panditi  Eamabai  in  summing 
up  the  duties  of  the  Hindu  married  woman  says, 
"  To  look  upon  her  husband  as  a  god,  to  hope  for 
salvation  only  through  him,  to  be  obedient  to  him 

*  R«v.  C.  A.  Janvier, '«  Religions  of  Mission  Fields/'  p.  64. 


68  THE  FIELDS 

in  all  things,  never  to  covet  independence,  never  to 
do  anything  but  that  which  is  approved  by  law  and 
custom."  She  quotes  from  the  great  lawgiver 
Manu,  who  says,  "  Though  destitute  of  virtue,  or 
seeking  pleasure  elsewhere,  or  devoid  of  all  good 
qualities,  yet  a  husband  must  be  constantly  wor- 
shipped as  a  god  by  a  faithful  wife."  Caroline  A. 
Mason  is  authority  for  the  following :  "  India  has 
6,000,000  wives  under  fourteen  years  of  age; 
2,500,000  wives  under  ten  years  of  age ;  27,000,000 
widows ;  250,000  widows  under  fourteen  years  of 
age  and  14,000  widows  under  four  years  of  age. 
Twenty-five  per  cent,  of  Hindu  women  die  prema- 
turely through  the  effects  of  early  marriage  and 
twenty-five  per  cent,  more  are  invalided  by  the 
same  cause."  It  has  been  said  that  the  wife's  con- 
dition is  a  paradise  in  comparison  to  that  of  the 
Hindu  widow,  unless  the  widow  be  the  mother  of 
sons. 

Hinduism  has  207,147,026  adherents  in  India. 
The  religion  is  pantheistic.  Almost  everything  is 
worshipped.  The  remark  is  often  made  that  India 
has  333,000,000  gods.  Other  religions  of  the  coun- 
try have  followers  about  as  follows :  Mohammed- 
anism, 62,458,077 ;  Buddhism,  9,476,759  ;  Polythe- 
ism, 8,584,148  ;  Eoman  Catholicism,  1,169,296 ;  Prot- 
estant Christians,  1,753,944.' 

The  total  Protestant  missionary  force  in  India 


*  Statistics  of  this  paragraph  from  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  19H 
edition. 


ASIA  69 

numbers  4,814.*  There  are  37,087  native  workers. 
This  makes  a  total  working  force  of  41,901  persons. 
There  are  9,638  stations  and  substations.  As  else- 
where where  the  missionary  force  is  insufficient  the 
workers  are  very  unequally  distributed.  The  great 
need  is  portrayed  by  the  following  :  "  The  mission- 
ary literature  of  the  last  decade  has  thrown  a  vivid 
light  upon  the  fact  that  in  India — quite  apart  from 
those  fields  in  which  the  present  missionary  staff  is 
insufficient  for  the  accomplishment  of  the  work  be- 
gun in  them — there  are  vast  districts  which  must 
be  described  as  unoccupied  or  not  effectively  occu- 
pied. .  .  .  Large  portions  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces, of  Eastern  Bengal,  Chota  Nagpur,  Southern 
Assam,  the  hill  forests  of  Burma,  the  Central  Prov- 
inces and  the  Central  Indian  Agency,  and,  above 
all,  the  Native  States,  are  absolutely  unmanned. 
.  .  .  Two  generations  have  passed  away  since 
the  mission  began  work  in  some  of  these  sections, 
yet  scarcely  one-third  of  the  population  have  had 
the  Gospel  made  known  to  them."  ^  In  1906,  of 
fifty  districts  of  the  United  Provinces  averaging 
1,000,000  people  each,  seventeen  were  without  or- 
dained missionaries.  That  is  to  say,  populations 
equalling  the  combined  populations  of  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania  were  subjects  of  no  work  car- 
ried on  by  ordained  missionaries.  Twenty-two  of 
the  remaining  thirty-three  had  one  to  four  ordained 

» See  table. 

"Report    of    World    Missionary   Conference,   Edinburgh,    19 lo. 
Vol.  I. 


70  THE  FIELDS 

foreign  missionaries  each.  One  to  four  missionaries 
for  a  million  people — think  of  it!  Mr.  S.  M. 
Zwemer  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  condi- 
tions have  changed  somewhat  for  the  better  since 
the  above  data  was  collected.  Let  us  remember 
that  the  United  Provinces  form  but  a  small  portion 
of  India. 

Turning  to  other  sections  we  quote  the  following 
from  J.  Frazer  Campbell :  "  In  Central  India  in  the 
group  of  native  states  bounded  on  the  northwest 
by  Kajputana  and  the  United  Provinces,  on  the 
east  by  Bengal  Presidency,  and  on  the  south  by 
the  Central  Provinces,  there  are  also  unoccupied 
areas.  The  two  Political  Agencies  of  Baghelkhand 
and  Bundelkhand  are  examples.  The  first  has  an 
area  of  about  14,000  square  miles  and  a  population 
of  1,555,024.  The  latter  has  an  area  of  9,851 
square  miles  and  a  population  of  1,308,327.  This 
latter  Political  Agency  has  one  mission  station. 
Taking  these  two  areas  together  we  have  a  popu- 
lation greater  than  the  whole  of  the  New  England 
States  except  Massachusetts ;  and  an  area  nearly 
equal  to  four  of  them  combined,  with  less  than  a 
half  dozen  workers.  .  .  .  Gwalior  State  has 
a  population  of  over  1,000,000  and  has  only  one 
mission  station.  Bhopal  Agency,  nearly  as  large  as 
Bulgaria  with  1,267,526  souls,  has  only  two  mis- 
sion stations." '  Baluchistan,  which  lies  to  the  ex- 
treme west  and  is  usually  classed  as  a  part  of 
India,  is  a  little  country  of  130,000  square  miles 

* "  Unoccupied  Fields  in  Central  India,"  pp.  5,  8. 


ASIA  71 

and  a  population  of  900,000.  The  religion  of  the 
land  is  Islam.  This  area,  larger  and  more  populous 
than  the  state  of  Colorado,  has  but  one  mission 
station. 

Let  it  be  remembered  that  here  is  no  list  of  the 
unoccupied  fields  of  India.  The  above  are  but  ex- 
amples of  needy  portions  of  the  great  empire. 
Placing  the  illiteracy  per  cent,  much  higher  than  is 
done  by  some  authorities,  Mr.  Campbell  suggests 
the  ineffectiveness  of  literature  among  the  masses, 
and  farther  that  unless  an  immense  force  of 
preachers  declare  the  word  to  these  people  many 
of  them  must  go  to  their  graves  unreached  by  the 
truths  of  the  Gospel.  He  says :  "  As  only  three 
per  cent,  of  the  people  in  all  Central  India  are  able 
to  read  and  write,  and  the  adjoining  states  are 
probably  as  illiterate,  it  is  manifest  that  the  evan- 
gelization of  these  millions  must  depend  on  the 
living  voice." 

In  Christian  lands  there  are  men  and  women  who 
sleep  in  clean  beds,  who  eat  good  food,  who,  if 
sick,  are  attended  by  a  skilled  physician,  who  have 
excellent  educational  advantages  for  themselves 
and  children,  who  have  and  read  the  Bible,  who 
attend  religious  services  and  profess  to  be  followers 
of  the  Lord  Jesus,  but  who  do  not  care  that  scores 
of  millions  of  India's  population  dwell  in  filth, 
hunger,  disease,  intellectual  darkness,  moral  degra- 
dation and  soul  anguish  never  brightened  by  one 
look  at  Jesus  Christ— that  is  they  do  not  care 
enough  to  make  an  effort  for  India's  redemption  or 


72  THE  FIELDS 

share  some  of  their  good  things  with  her  needy 
millions.  How  self-indulgent  persons  who  are  not 
interested  in  the  missionary  enterprise  can  be  dis- 
ciples of  Christ  who  denied  Himself  and  com- 
manded that  His  followers  should  "Go  .  .  . 
and  teach  all  nations"  is  a  problem  more  easily 
ignored  than  solved. 

An  examination  of  India's  needs  is,  in  itself,  a 
refutation  of  the  statement  that  the  Christian 
Church  is  doing  all  she  ought,  or  as  some  extrav- 
agantly say,  '^  too  much "  in  the  foreign  fields. 
The  Protestant  Christian  Church  has  the  men  and 
the  money  to  evangelize  India  and  the  world  in 
this  generation.  There  are  other  impediments  to 
such  a  glorious  achievement,  but  the  supreme 
obstacle  in  generations  gone  by  and  to-day  is  the 
selfishness  of  professing  Christians.  The  so-called 
followers  of  Christ  are  unwilling  to  sacrifice  for 
the  propagation  of  the  faith.  What  we  do  for  this 
generation  of  India's  people  must  be  done  quickly 
for  they  depart  this  life  for  the  8,400,000  reincar- 
nations, which  they  believe  possible,  at  the  rate  of 
10,000,000  per  year. 


Salient  Facts  About  India 

Area :  1,766,576  square  miles. 
Population:  294,361,056. 
Government :  British  rule. 

Eeligions :  Hinduism  prevailing,    Mohammedanism 
second  and  strong. 


ASIA  73  I 

Different  languages  :  147.  ' 

Illiteracy  :  85  per  cent.  \ 

Great  social  evils  :  Glaring  immorality,  caste  system, 
degradation  and  suffering  of  womanhood,  child 
marriages  and  many  others.  ^ 

India  has^  ' 

333,000,000  heathen  deities  (estimated).  ; 

8,400,000  reincarnations  of  the  soul  in  popular  be- 
lief. 
Thirty  centuries*  growth  for  Hinduism. 

40,000,000  women  secluded  in  zenanas.  i 

6,000,000  wives  under  fourteen  years.  \ 

2,500,000  wives  under  ten  years. 

27,000,000  widows.  \ 

250,000  widows  under  fourteen  yeara  i 

14,000  under  four  years.  | 

500,000  lepers.  \ 

50,000,000  outcasts.  | 

500,000  persons  to  every  physician,  government 

servants  included. 
1, 753, 944  Protestant  Christians.  ; 

4,814  Protestant  missionaries.  i 

37,087  native  helpers.  | 


'  Caroline  A.  Mason  is  authority  for  all  the  items  under  this  head 
except  the  last  three. 


74 


THE  FIELDS 


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76  THE  FIELDS 

3.    Japan 

The  beautiful  island  Empire  of  Japan  lies  di- 
rectly to  the  east  of  China.  Joseph  Cook  called 
Japan  the  *'  Rudder  of  Asia,"  probably  because  of 
the  peculiar  relation  of  the  islands  to  the  mainland, 
as  well  as  the  unique  character  of  the  people.  The 
empire  is  a  great  archipelago  of  about  4,000 
islands.  Some  of  these  are  so  small  as  to  disappear 
in  times  of  high  water.  Perhaps  3,000  of  them 
have  names,  and  487  have  coast  line  of  more  than 
two  and  one-half  miles.  Of  course  hundreds  of  the 
smaller  ones  are  uninhabited  and  useless  except  for 
purposes  of  navigation  and  fishing.  The  six  large 
and  important  islands  are:  Sakhalin  (Karafuto), 
which  is  the  northernmost  of  the  group  and  be- 
longs, the  northern  part  to  Eussia  and  the  southern 
part  to  Japan.  The  island  is  very  sparsely  popu- 
lated. Yezo  (Hakkaido)  lies  directly  south  of 
Sakhalin.  The  island  comprises  about  one-fifth  of 
the  territory  of  Japan,  but  has  a  population  of  less 
than  700,000.  JSTippon  (Hondo)  is  the  main  island. 
It  is  much  larger  and  by  far  more  populous  than 
any  of  the  others.  Shikoku  is  comparatively  small 
but  densely  populated.  Kiushiu  (Saikaido)  is  larger 
than  Shikoku  and  is  also  very  populous.  Formosa 
(Taiwan)  lies  far  to  the  southwest  of  the  other  large 
islands  of  the  group.  It  is  somewhat  smaller  than 
Kiushiu  and  has  a  population  about  one-half  as 
great. 

The  total  area  of  Japan  is  175,866  square  miles. 
This   is   larger  than  the  combined  areas  of  the 


ASIA  77 

British  Isles,  Belgium,  Denmark  and  Holland, 
but  is  a  little  smaller  than  our  states  of  Colorado 
and  Nebraska  taken  together.  These  figures  do 
not  include  Korea  which  was  added  to  the  empire 
in  1910.  Korea  is  a  peninsula  extending  off  the 
mainland  just  south  of  Manchuria.  It  is  a  moun- 
tainous region  of  about  82,000  square  miles. 

If  insular  Japan  lay  off  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
United  States  it  would  make  a  line  of  islands  ex- 
tending from  northern  Maine  to  Cuba,  from  latitude 
46°  to  22^^.  The  range  of  latitude  is  so  great  that 
one  is  not  surprised  to  know  of  the  great  variety  of 
climate.  Dampness  is  a  prevailing  characteristic. 
This  with  the  oppressive  heat  makes  the  southern 
islands  unpleasant  and  even  dangerous  for  the  for- 
eigner. On  the  other  hand  northern  and  moun- 
tainous parts  are  subject  to  damp  and  disagreeable 
cold  with  many  dark  days.  The  western  side 
of  the  islands  is  much  colder  in  winter  than  the 
eastern.  On  the  west  slope,  not  infrequently,  vil- 
lages are  buried  in  the  snow.  The  north  knows 
islands  perpetually  white-capped. 

Insular  Japan  is  really  a  great  mountain  range 
which  is  gradually  rising  out  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  little  islands  are  the  tops  of  great  mountains. 
The  fact  that  the  geological  formation  is  incom- 
plete subjects  the  islands  to  many  earthquakes, 
volcanic  explosions  and  tidal  waves.  These  are 
often  destructive.  In  1894  about  30,000  people 
were  killed  by  a  tidal  wave  and  some  years  before 
100,000  were  destroyed  by  the  same  cause. 


78  THE  FIELDS 

The  emperor  or  Mikado  is  the  ruler  of  Japan. 
The  empire  has  been  ruled  by  an  unbroken  dy- 
nasty ever  since  the  dawn  of  her  history.  Asso- 
ciated with  the  emperor  is  a  cabinet  made  up  of 
individuals  who  preside  over  departments  of  gov- 
ernment somewhat  as  do  the  United  States  cabinet 
officers.  There  are  two  houses  of  legislature  which 
answer  to  the  American  Congress. 

In  recent  years  the  government  of  Japan  has  ad- 
mitted two  great  reforms,  viz. :  Trial  by  evidence 
instead  of  by  torture  as  formally,  and  religious  tol- 
eration. The  latter,  which  is  so  important  to  the 
missionary  and  native  Christian,  is  guarded  by 
the  article  of  the  constitution  which  reads, 
"Japanese  subjects  shall,  within  limits  not  preju- 
dicial to  peace  and  order  and  not  antagonistic  to 
their  duties  as  subjects,  enjoy  freedom  of  religious 
belief." 

The  Japanese  maintain  high  educational  stand- 
ards. Education  of  children  is  compulsory  for  six 
years.  About  ninety-one  per  cent,  of  the  girls  and 
ninety-seven  per  cent,  of  the  boys  are  attending  the 
common  schools.  The  standards  are  being  raised 
even  higher.  Beside  the  common  schools  there  are 
the  technical,  normal  and  high  schools,  and  two 
imperial  universities.  The  educational  system  of 
Korea  is  being  remodelled  after  the  Japanese 
plan. 

The  people  of  Japan,  not  including  Korea,  num- 
ber 50,761,900.'    This  is  a  population  of  about  288 

»  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.,  19 12. 


ASIA  79 

to  the  square  mile.  If  more  than  one-half  of  the 
people  of  the  United  States  were  living  in  Colorado 
and  Nebraska  the  population  of  those  states  would 
be  about  as  dense  as  that  of  Japan  at  the  present 
time. 

It  has  been  said  of  the  Japanese  that  he  will  not 
sacrifice  expediency  for  truth.  His  standards  of 
commercial  fidelity  are  defective.  Divorce  is  fre- 
quent. Suicide  is  common.  Christianity  quickly 
corrects  these  evils  where  its  influence  is  sufficiently 
felt.  Six  good  qualities  possessed  by  the  Japanese 
to  a  marked  degree  are :  respect  for  parents,  fru- 
gality, endurance,  obedience,  altruism,  and  genius 
for  detail.  The  Japanese  woman  is  known  for  her 
great  fidelity. 

Shintoism  is  the  prevailing  religion  of  Japan. 
This  system  worships  everything  from  the  sun  and 
moon  in  heaven  to  the  animals  and  groves  of  earth. 
There  are  8,000,000  gods  and  goddesses.  Japan 
has  about  24,900,000  Shintoists ;  19,858,000  Bud- 
dhists; 2,000,000  Polytheists;  Protestant  Chris- 
tians, 275,803  (97,117  in  Japan  and  178,686  m 
Korea) ;  Koman  Catholics,  126,773  (62,703  in  Japan 
and  64,070  in  Korea).  Beside  these  there  are  Con- 
fucianists  and  Oriental  Church  adherents.*  Confu- 
cianism and  Taoism  are  the  prevailing  religions  of 
Korea. 

Japan  has  a  total  of  1,168  ^  foreign  missionaries 

*  The  statistics  of  Protestants  and  Catholics  are  from  **  World 
Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  19  n.  The  others  are  from  the  "  Blue 
Book  of  Missions."  '  See  table. 


80  THE  FIELDS 

and  3,049  native  workers.  The  labours  of  these 
persons  centre  about  1,521  stations  and  substations. 
The  average  for  the  empire  is  about  43,000  persons 
for  each  foreign  missionary.  These  figures,  how- 
ever, might  mislead,  for  some  districts  are  much 
better  taken  care  of  than  others.  The  following 
will  reveal  something  of  the  true  condition  :  "  De- 
centralization in  the  mission  field  itself  is  another 
pressing  problem.  According  to  figures,  quoted 
apparently  as  authoritative,  in  the  Japan  Eiiangel- 
ist  for  December,  1909,  it  is  said  that  out  of  less 
than  800  Protestant  missionaries  in  Japan,  656  are 
'congested  in  only  ten  cities.'  Further,  we  are 
told  that  '  five-sevenths  of  all  Japanese  workers 
and  churches '  are  connected  with  ten  cities  already 
mentioned  ;  and  this  (even  if  the  figures  are  only 
approximately  correct)  is  a  sad  confession  of  the 
failure  of  the  various  missions  and  churches  to  reach 
the  bulk  of  the  nation.  Fully  seventy-five  per 
cent,  of  the  total  population  live  in  villages,  and 
the  agricultural  classes  are  the  backbone  of  the 
Japanese  nation.'' ' 

The  World  Missionary  Conference  Eeport  says, 
"Beginning  at  the  two  open  ports  in  1859, 
Protestant  missionaries  have  steadily  progressed  in 
the  occupation  of  the  country,  until  to-day  every 
one  of  the  forty-eight  provinces  has  been  entered. 
The  restrictions  upon  living  outside  the  treaty 
ports  at  first  necessitated  the  concentration  of  the 
missionary  force  in  the  larger  cities.     Even  yet  we 

*  Church  Missionary  Review,  June,  19  lo,  p,  374. 


ASIA  81 

find  that  about  fifty-seven  per  cent  of  the  mission- 
ary body  reside  in  eight  cities,  namely :  Tokio, 
287 ;  Kobe,  78  ;  Osaka,  60  ;  Sendai,  48 ;  Yokohama, 
45  ;  Kioto,  43  ;  Nagoya,  31 ;  and  Nagasaki  30."  ' 
In  commenting  on  the  above  Mr.  S.  M.  Zwemer 
says :  "It  is  true  that  fully  one-half  of  those  in 
these  larger  cities  are  engaged  in  educational  or 
literary  work,  or  in  the  general  administration  of 
mission  work,  but  surely  the  work  of  general  evan- 
gelization should  not  take  second  place  to  any  other 
task."  * 

Showing  the  neglected  condition  of  some  of  the 
districts  Mr.  Zwemer  writes :  "  The  district  of 
Fukushima,  for  example,  with  a  population  of 
1,175,224,  has  only  one  mission  station  ;  Okayama 
district,  with  a  population  of  1,188,244,  has  only  one 
station  and  three  ordained  missionaries,  while 
Chiba  district,  although  it  has  three  stations,  has  a 
total  of  only  six  missionaries,  including  women,  for 
a  population  of  1,316,547."  ^  The  district  of  Shiga, 
with  a  population  of  716,920,  has  no  missionary ; 
Saitima,  with  a  population  of  1,240,280  has  one 
missionary.  Seventeen  districts  ranging  in  popula- 
tion from  476,230  to  1,780,123  have  more  than 
200,000  persons  for  each  missionary.  Of  these 
seventeen,  one,  Chiba,  has  three  mission  stations, 
three  others  have  two  stations  each  and  the  other 
thirteen  have  but  one  station  each.     According  to 

*  Edinburgh,  19  lo,  Vol.  I. 

* "  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields  of  Asia  and  Africa,"  p.  46. 

»  Hid. 


82  THE  FIELDS 

the  World  Missionary  Conference  Keport  the 
regions  most  neglected  are  "  the  whole  Japan  sea- 
coast  of  the  main  island  and  large  portions  of  the 
northeastern  provinces." 

Japan  is  made  a  nation  of  strategic  importance 
by  the  capacity  and  high  per  cent,  of  literacy 
found  among  her  people  and  the  great  awakening 
of  all  classes  during  the  last  few  decades.  She  is 
opening  her  doors  to  Western  learning  and  com- 
merce, and  the  twenty-eighth  article  of  her  consti- 
tution makes  way  for  the  Western  religion.  God 
grant  that  before  rationalism  and  Mohammedanism 
shall  have  preempted  the  territory,  the  "  pure  and 
undefiled  religion  "  of  Jesus  Christ  may  bring  its 
light  and  hope  and  salvation  to  the  personal,  social 
and  political  life  of  the  Sunrise  Kingdom. 


Salient  Facts  About  Japan 

Area  :  175,866  square  miles. 

Islands:  4,000. 

Population  :  50,751,900. 

Government :  Constitutional  monarchy. 

Eeligions  :  Shintoism  and  Buddhism  prevailing. 

Per  cent,  of  illiteracy  :  Very  small. 

Japan  has 
High  educational  standards. 
Two  imperial  universities. 

Thirteen  and  one-half  centuries^  growth  for  Bud- 
dhism. 


ASIA  83 

8,000,000  deities. 
Eeligious  toleration. 
2,000,000  Polytheists. 
Many  Christian  officials. 

97,117  Protestant  Christians  (excluding  Korea). 
62,703  Eoman  Catholics  (excluding  Korea). 
1, 168  Protestant  foreign  missionaries. 
3,049  native  helpers. 

43,000  persons  for  each  Protestant  missionary. 
Fifty-seven  per  cent,  of  her  missionaries  in  eight 
cities. 


84 


THE  FIELDS 


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86  THE  FIELDS 

Asia  (Except  China,  India  and  Japan) : 
Arahia 

Arabia  is  a  vast  peninsula  lying  south  and  south- 
east of  Syria  and  Mesopotamia.  It  is  separated 
from  Persia  by  the  Persian  Gulf  and  from  Africa 
by  the  Ked  Sea.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  1,500 
miles  and  the  greatest  width  1,300  miles.  The  area 
of  1,200,000  square  miles  is  larger  than  that  portion 
of  the  United  States  which  lies  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River. 

Much  of  the  country  is  unexplored.  Mr.  S.  M. 
Zwemer  says :  "  The  largest  unexplored  area  in 
Asia  and  perhaps  in  the  world,  is  in  southeastern 
Arabia.  There  are  better  maps  of  the  moon  than 
of  this  part  of  the  w^orld.  All  the  lunar  mountains, 
plains  and  craters  are  mapped  and  named,  and  as- 
tronomers are  quite  as  familiar  with  Copernicus 
and  Eratosthenes  (16,000  feet  high)  as  geographers 
are  with  Vesuvius  or  the  Matterhorn.  But  from 
certain  scientific  points  of  view  hardly  anything 
of  the  Arabian  peninsula  is  known.  Not  an  hun- 
dredth part  has  been  mathematically  surveyed,  and 
for  knowledge  of  the  interior  we  depend  almost 
wholly  upon  the  testimony  of  less  than  a  score  of 
travellers  who  paid  a  big  price  to  penetrate  the 
neglected  peninsula."  *  According  to  native  report 
almost  all  the  southern  half  of  Arabia  is  a  vast 
wilderness. 

Politically  the  country  is  under  the  influence  of 

»"  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields  of  Asia  and  Africa,"  p.  63. 


ASIA  87 

Turkey  in  the  west  and  north.  Along  the  southern 
portion  of  the  Persian  Gulf  and  on  the  southern 
seacoast  of  the  peninsula  the  English  influence  is 
stroDg  and  in  some  places  supreme. 

For  1,300  years  Arabia  has  been  the  home  of 
Islam.     The  faith  of  the  prophet  has  been  the  main 
factor  of  influence  in  the  country  during  the  greater 
part  of  this  period.     Whether  or  not  the  Moham- 
medan faith  is  able  to  regenerate  a  people  may  be 
judged  from  the  following :     "  As  regards  moral- 
ity ,\rabia  is  on  a  low  plane.     Slavery  and  con- 
cubinage  exist   nearly  everywhere  :  while  polyg- 
amy and  divorce  are  fearfully  common.     Fatalism, 
the  philosophy  of  the  masses,  has  utterly  paralyzed 
enterprise.     As  regards  industry  and  invention,  the 
Arabian  peninsula  is  at  the  antipodes  of  progress— 
a  land  without  manufactures  and  where  machinery 
of  any  sort  is  looked  upon  as  a  marvel.     There  is 
universal  distrust  and  suspicion  so  that  in  a  country 
without  large  game  every  one  goes  armed— against 
his    neighbour.     Injustice    abounds    and  is  often 
stoically  accepted.     Bribery  is  too  common  to  be 
called  a  crime,  lying  is  almost  an  art  and  robbery 
has  been  reduced  to  a  science."  ' 

Some  paganism  exists  in  Arabia  but  Islam  is  the 
religion  of  the  land.  Not  only  does  Mohammedan- 
ism predominate  over  a  large  portion  of  the 
country,  but  religious  intolerance  and  fanaticism 
play  such   an   important  part  that  the   Christian 

»S.  M.  Zwemer,  "  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields  of  Asia  and  Africa," 
pp.  127-128. 


88  THE  FIELDS 

missionary  is  effectually  prohibited  from  entering 
the  sacred  regions  about  Mecca  and  Medina.  The 
territory  of  effectual  prohibition,  however,  is  com- 
paratively small,  while  vast  accessible  regions  are 
as  yet  unoccupied. 

The  population  of  Arabia  numbers  about 
3,500,000.*  To  supply  the  spiritual  needs  of  these 
people  but  four  mission  stations  have  been  estab- 
lished— three  on  the  east  coast  and  one  at  the  ex- 
treme south.  The  four  points  mentioned  are  on  a 
coast  of  4,000  miles.  There  is  not  a  single  station 
far  inland.  Mr.  Zwemer  says :  "  The  total  popu- 
lation unreached  by  the  Gospel  in  these  Arabian 
provinces  can  be  conservatively  estimated  at 
4,000,000."  In  this  land  of  much  religion  how 
much  do  the  people  need  the  Gospel  of  the  Son  of 
God  !  So  slow  has  been  the  Church  in  entering 
this  needy  field  that  some  have  called  Arabia  the 
"  Ignored  Peninsula." 

Turkey  in  Asia 

{Except  AraHd) 

Exclusive  of  Arabia,  Turkey  in  Asia  is  composed 
of  Asia  Minor,  Kurdistan,  Mesopotamia,  and  Syria. 
Asia  Minor,  the  country  of  Paul's  early  missionary 
laboui's,  and  the  land  of  the  seven  churches  ad- 
dressed by  John  in  Kevelation,  lies  north  of  the 
east  end  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Kurdistan  lies 
to  the  east  of  Asia  Minor  and  to  the  west  and 

1  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  Atlas,  191 2.  Estimates  vary  enormously. 
Mr.  Zwemer  places  the  population  of  Arabia  at  8,ooo,cxx>. 


ASIA  89 

northwest  of  Persia.  Part  of  this  country  is  unex- 
plored and  unknown  to  civilization.  Mesopotamia 
is  an  extensive  region  south  of  Kurdistan  and  west 
of  Persia.  Syria  is  the  territory  bounded  on  the 
east  by  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Palestine,  forming  a  part 
of  Syria,  is  that  very  small  section  lying  largely 
between  the  Jordan  Valley  and  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  known  to  Christians  as  the  "  Holy  Land." 

Of  course  the  regions  above  named  are  under  the 
political  influence  of  Turkey  and  under  the  re- 
ligious influence  of  Turkey's  religion,  Mohammed- 
anism. Christian  missions  are  found  in  each  of 
these  general  divisions,  but  the  stations  are  often 
scores  of  miles  apart.  No  district  is  thoroughly 
evangelized  and  in  some  places  many  thousands  of 
people  are  grossly  neglected.  There  is  a  section 
of  country  in  Syria  with  a  population  of  500,000 
where  no  missionary  work  has  been  established. 
Several  of  the  missions  of  Palestine  and  Asia  Minor 
are  among  the  Jews. 

Russia  in  Asia 
By  consulting  a  map  of  Asia  it  will  be  found 
that  Eussian  possessions  comprise  nearly  one-half 
of  that  vast  continent.  The  territory  is  more  than 
twice  as  large  as  Continental  United  States.  Per- 
haps nine-tenths  of  the  country  is  not  habitable. 
Lying  within  or  near  the  Arctic  Circle  nearly  all 
of  the  northern  part  is  bleak  and  barren.  Of  the 
territory  south  much  is  desert  or  semi-desert.    The 


90  THE  FIELDS 

25,000,000  people  live  in  the  fertile  valleys  and  in 
comparatively  small  districts. 

In  the  vast  territory  of  Siberia,  "  deficient  in 
solar  warmth,  yet  more  terribly  in  need  of  the  rays 
of  the  Son  of  Eighteousness,"  are  5,700,000  people, 
a  great  majority  of  whom  are  pagan.  To  the  south 
of  Siberia  is  a  long  strip  of  territory  running  from 
east  to  west  but  of  irregular  shape  where  the  Eussian 
Orthodox  Church  prevails.  All  southern  Asiatic 
Eussia  lying  to  the  west  of  China  and  her  depend- 
encies is  completely  dominated  by  Islam.  As  in 
other  places  in  central  Asia,  Mohammedanism  has 
long  been  in  conflict  with  Buddhism  and  has  swept 
the  field.  In  some  districts  the  faith  of  the  prophet 
claims  ninety  to  ninety-nine  per  cent,  of  the  popu- 
lation.    Ignorance  and  superstition  abound. 

For  the  25,000,000  people  above  mentioned  prac- 
tically no  missionary  work  is  being  done.  Moham- 
medans are  proverbially  bitter  against  Christianity. 
Goaded  by  religious  fanaticism  the  adherents  of 
the  system  often  seek  the  extermination  of  the 
Christian  mission.  To  murder  a  Christian  is,  by 
some  Mohammedans,  considered  a  religious  act. 
The  Eussian  government  is  intolerant  of  missions, 
except  those  of  the  established  Church.  A  few 
pastors  of  foreign  peoples  are  permitted  to  carry  on 
work  among  their  own  flocks,  but  attempts  to 
evangelize  the  natives  have  resulted  in  arrests. 

Persia 
Persia  is  an  independent  empire  bounded  on  the 


ASIA  91 

east  by  Afghanistan  and  Baluchistan,  and  on  the 
west  by  Mesopotamia.  The  country,  comprising 
about  628,000  square  miles,  is  eight  times  as  large 
as  the  state  of  Nebraska.  The  population  of  9,500,- 
000  is  about  eight  times  as  large  as  the  population 
of  Nebraska.  About  ninety-five  per  cent,  of  the 
people  are  Mohammedans.  Adherents  of  the 
Oriental  Churches,  Roman  Catholicism,  Judaism 
and  Protestant  Christianity  are  found  in  small 
numbers. 

Persia  has  102  missionary  stations  and  substations 
operated  by  119  foreign  missionaries  and  305  native 
workers.* 

Afghanistan 

To  the  east  of  Persia  and  west  of  northern  India 
lies  the  little  country  called  Afghanistan.  The 
area  is  250,000  square  miles — a  little  less  than  that 
of  the  state  of  Texas.  The  government  is  an  ab- 
solute monarchy,  which  is  often  cruel  and  despotic. 
Here  live  5,000,000  people  '^  without  religious  lib- 
erty or  personal  freedom."  Ninety  per  cent,  of  the 
inhabitants  are  illiterate. 

Next  to  Turkey,  Afghanistan  is  the  most  power- 
ful Mohammedan  kingdom  in  the  world.  The  gov- 
ernment is  absolutely  intolerant  of  any  religion  but 
that  of  Islam.  It  has  been  called  the  most  inac- 
cessible country  in  the  world  for  the  missionary,  or 
even  the  traveller.  There  are  no  missionaries 
within  the  borders  of  the  land. 

»  "  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  Student  Volunteer  Move- 
ment. 


92  THE  FIELDS 

Siam 
Siara  is  an  independent  kingdom  lying  to  the 
east  of  southern  Burma.  The  area  of  220,000 
square  miles  would  make  a  little  more  than  two 
states  like  Colorado.  The  total  population  is 
6,250,000.  Buddhism  is  the  prevailing  religion. 
There  are  more  than  1,500,000  Polytheists  and  a 
few  Protestant  Christians.  The  country  has  less 
than  100  Protestant  missionaries. 

French  Indo- China 
French  Indo-China  is  bounded  by  the  China  Sea 
on  the  east  and  Siam  on  the  west.  The  territory  is 
governed  by  a  French  Governor-General.  Buddhism 
aud  Animism  are  the  prevailing  religions.  There 
are  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  Moslems  and  some 
Hindus  and  Eoman  Catholics.  The  290,000  square 
miles  of  territory  make  an  area  a  little  larger  than 
the  state  of  Texas.  The  population  of  17,250,000  is 
somewhat  larger  than  the  combined  populations  of 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  In  the  whole  coun- 
try there  are  but  two  Protestant  mission  stations. 

Malay  Peninsula 
The  Malay  Peninsula  is  a  body  of  land  about 
900  miles  long  which  juts  from  the  mainland  of 
Asia  far  south  almost  to  the  equator.  The  south- 
ern part  is  under  the  protection  of  the  British 
Government ;  the  middle  and  part  of  the  northern 
portions  are  Siamese  territory.  The  northwest 
section  belongs  to  Burma.     The  British  portion  of 


ASIA  93 

the  peninsula  has  an  area  of  42,000  square  miles  and 
a  population  of  1,179,000.  Mohammedanism  is  the 
prevailing  religion.  Nine  Protestant  mission  sta- 
tions are  in  operation  in  the  British  territory. 

Nepal 

Between  India  and  Tibet  is  the  small  independ- 
ent kingdom  of  Nepal.  The  extreme  length  is  a 
little  more  than  500  miles  and  the  width  about 
one-fifth  as  great.  The  area  of  the  country  is 
54,000  square  miles.  The  population  is  5,000,000. 
Thus  in  area  and  population  Nepal  exceeds  a  little 
the  state  of  Ohio.  A  good  degree  of  education 
exists  among  the  higher  classes,  but  the  labouring 
people  are  largely  illiterate.  Buddhism  and  Hin- 
duism are  the  religions  of  the  land.  Nepal  is 
under  the  protection  of  the  British  Government, 
and  is  considered  a  "  buffer  state."  Political  ob- 
stacles hinder  missionary  operations.  There  are  no 
foreign  missionaries  in  the  country,  and  entrance  is 
forbidden. 

Bhutan 

Bhutan  is  a  little  independent  kingdom  lying 
between  eastern  India  and  Tibet.  The  country  is 
composed  of  a  fertile  highland  district,  largely  un- 
known to  the  Western  world.  Having  an  area  of 
16,800  square  miles,  the  kingdom  is  about  twice  as 
large  as  the  state  of  Massachusetts. 

The  population  of  250,000  live  under  a  govern- 
ment of  many  abuses  and  much  extortion.  Travel- 
lers have  found  there  a  high  degree  of  civilization. 


H  THE  FIELDS 

but  great  ignorance  of  God.  A  variety  of  faiths 
find  room  in  tlie  little  country — Buddhism,  Hin- 
duism, Confucianism,  and  Mohammedanism.  Fe- 
tishism is  quite  dominant.  The  chief  religious  ex- 
ercise is  the  propitiation  of  evil  spirits.  Bhutan 
has  been  a  closed  land  for  years.  No  missionary  is 
found  within  her  borders. 


THE  ISLAND  WORLD  96 


IL    THE  ISLAND  WORLD 

1.    Malaysia 

Malaysia  is  the  largest  and  most  important  di- 
vision of  the  island  world.  The  archipelago  lies 
south  of  eastern  Asia  and  north  and  northwest  of 
Australia.  The  largest  islands  are  Borneo,  which 
is  considerably  larger  than  the  state  of  Texas ; 
Sumatra,  larger  than  California ;  Java,  larger  than 
New  York  State ;  Celebes,  nearly  as  large  as 
Nebraska.  Elsewhere  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies 
and  in  the  Philippine  Group  are  several  islands 
larger  than  some  of  our  smaller  states.  Besides 
these  of  extensive  area  there  are  many  hundreds  of 
minor  importance.  All  the  islands  lie  within  the 
tropics ;  the  three  largest  are  crossed  by  the 
equator.  The  Dutch  East  Indies  belong  to  the 
Netherlands.  Other  portions  are  under  the  control 
of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  Germany  and 
Portugal. 

Malaysia  is  one  of  the  most  populous  regions  of 
the  world.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
44,000,000.'  The  island  of  Java  (as  large  as  Ne- 
braska) has  a  population  of  30,000,000,  nearly  a  third 
as  large  as  that  of  the  United  States.  This  is  about 
600  to  the  square  mile.  Beside  Java,  there  are 
other  very  densely  populated  districts,  some  having 
upwards  of  1,000  persons  to  the  square  mile.     The 

^  Accurate  statistics  are  not  available. 


96  THE  FIELDS 

yellow  race  is  the  prevailing  type  on  most  of  the 
islands.  Illiteracy,  ignorance  and  superstition 
abound.  Among  the  eight  or  nine  million  heathen 
of  the  islands  are  notorious  cannibals.  The  head- 
hunting Dayaks  of  Borneo  compose  one  of  the 
most  degraded  tribes  of  the  human  family.  The 
women  sometimes  incite  the  men  to  go  on  head- 
hunting expeditions.  The  heads  are  handed  down 
from  father  to  son.  The  rank  of  the  Dayak  is  de- 
termined by  the  number  of  heads  that  he  or  his 
ancestors  have  collected. 

Nearly  one-half  of  the  people  of  Malaysia  are 
Mohammedans.  Here,  as  in  Africa,  the  Moslems 
are  very  evangelistic.  The  faith  of  the  prophet  is 
propagated  with  energy.  The  heathen  populations, 
variously  estimated  at  from  eight  to  sixteen  mil- 
lions, are  Animists  and  Fetishists.  It  is  the  opinion 
of  some  that  these  weak,  native  superstitions  must 
give  way  within  a  few  years  to  either  Moham- 
medanism or  Christianity  ;  the  choice  between  the 
two  depending  upon  the  energy  with  which  each  is 
propagated.  There  are  more  than  7,000,000 
Koman  Catholics,  most  of  whom  live  in  the  Philip- 
pines. Other  faiths  represented  are  Confucianism, 
Taoism,  Hinduism,  Judaism  and  Protestant  Chris- 
tianity. 

There  is  only  a  small  beginning  in  Protestant 
missionary  work.  The  total  foreign  missionary 
force  is  771.'  Here,  as  everywhere,  we  have  the 
unequal  distribution  of  the  labourers.     Showing  the 

1 "  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  191 1,  pp.  88-89. 


THE  ISLAND  WORLD  97 

promise,  danger  and  need  of  portions  of  this  field 
Mr.  S.  M.  Zwemer  says ;  "  We  begin  with  Malaysia, 
one  of  the  most  densely  populated  regions  of  the 
world,  and  one  of  the  least  known  to  the  average 
student  of  missions.  This  unoccupied  field  is  not 
barren  ground,  but  has  rich  promise  of  f ruitf ulness. 
Shall  the  sowing  of  the  seed  be  postponed  ?  And 
shall  the  harvest  be  for  Islam  ?  On  the  eastern 
half  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  together  with  the 
islands  of  Banka  and  Billiton,  there  is  a  population 
of  over  3,200,000,  almost  equal  to  that  of  New  York 
City,  untouched  by  missions.  .  .  .  The  central 
and  western  parts  of  the  islands  of  Borneo  are  still 
unoccupied,  and  400,000  souls  are  destitute  of  the 
Gospel.  The  population  is  mostly  pagan,  but  is 
in  danger  of  becoming  Moslem ;  and  the  occupation 
of  the  field  is  therefore  urgent.  Madura  Island, 
northeast  of  Java,  together  with  Sumbawa,  Flores, 
Timor,  Bah  and  Lombok  Islands,  seem  small  on  the 
map,  but  reveal  a  population  of  over  2,000,000  who 
are  without  any  Christian  missionary."*  A  por- 
tion of  the  island  of  Celebes,  stretching  from  Posso 
Lake  to  the  extreme  south,  having  a  population 
of  perhaps  200,000,  is  at  present  wholly  unreached. 
The  Philippine  Islands  have  Like  needy  fields.  The 
island  of  Java,  with  its  30,000,000  people,  has  but 
fifty  mission  stations. 

Thus  these  islands  of  the  sea  cry  out  as  urgently 
and  as  eloquently  for  the  Gospel  as  do  the  great 
continents  of  Asia  and  Africa. 

» "  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields  of  Asia  and  Africa,"  1911,  pp.  33-34- 


98  THE  FIELDS 

2.    Melanesia 

Melanesia  is  a  group  of  islands  of  the  southern 
Pacific  lying  south  of  the  equator,  north  and  north- 
east of  Australia  and  west  and  a  little  north  of 
the  Fiji  Islands.  The  westernmost  island  is  New 
Guinea,  the  largest  of  the  group.  (Some  authorities 
class  New  Guinea  as  a  part  of  Malaysia.)  Beside 
New  Guinea,  the  chief  groups  of  islands  are  Bis- 
mark  Archipelago,  the  Solomon,  the  Banks,  the 
Torres,  the  Santa  Cruz,  the  New  Hebrides,  and  the 
Loyalty  Islands,  with  New  Caledonia.'  The  area 
of  New  Guinea  is  312,329  square  miles.  It  is  thus 
about  the  size  of  the  states  of  Texas  and  New  York 
combined.  All  the  other  islands  of  the  group,  of 
which  there  are  about  250,  are  comparatively  small. 
Malaysia  is  under  the  control  of  the  British,  Dutch, 
German  and  French  governments. 

The  population  of  the  group,  according  to 
estimates,^  is  about  1,221,000,  nearly  all  of  whom  be- 
long to  the  black  race.  Perhaps  one-half  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  archipelago  are  in  New  Guinea. 
Heathenism  prevails  almost  everywhere.  Canni- 
balism is  quite  universal.  Tribes  make  raids  upon 
each  other,  seemingly  for  no  other  reason  than  to 
fill  their  cooking-pots.  Eeports  indicate  that  the  na- 
tives relish  the  flesh  of  missionaries  and  other  white 
persons  as  well  as  that  of  their  darker  skinned 
neighbours.  Animism  is  the  religion  of  the  people 
universally,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  thousand 

*  «•  Blue  Book  of  Missions." 

'  No  accurate  statistics  are  available. 


THE  ISLAND  WORLD  99 

who  have  been  Avon  to  Catholicism  or  Protestant 
Christianity. 

Melanesia  (not  including  Dutch  New  Guinea)  has 
a  total  of  280  '  foreign  missionaries  working,  for  the 
most  part,  under  the  direction  of  Australian,  British, 
and  Continental  Societies. 

3.    Micronesia 

Micronesia  means  "small  islands."  The  archi- 
pelago is  in  the  northern  Pacific,  north  of  Melanesia 
and  east  of  the  Philippines.  The  group  is  com- 
posed of  the  smaller  groups  known  as  Caroline, 
Ladrone,  Marshall  and  Gilbert  Islands.  Beside 
these  there  are  many  small  atolls  of  little  impor- 
tance. The  islands  are  of  volcanic  and  coral  origin. 
Many  of  the  smaller  ones  are  but  two  to  ten  feet 
above  sea  level.  Germany,  Great  Britain,  the 
United  States  and  Japan  each  hold  possessions  in 
the  group. 

The  population  is  about  200,000.  Where  the 
people  are  untouched  by  the  Gospel  a  low  degree 
of  civilization  prevails.  Their  houses  are  the  very 
simplest  shelters  from  the  weather.  They  wear 
often  very  little,  and  in  some  cases  no,  clothing. 
No  family  ties  are  imposed.  Most  of  the  people 
are  Animists  and  Fetishists.  However,  there  are  a 
few  thousand  Eoman  Catholics  and  Protestant 
Christians.  Protestant  Christianity  has  made  great 
progress  in  some  places  and  has  marvellously  trans- 
formed some  of  the  islands  within  the  last  few  years. 

» "  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  191 1,  p.  89. 


100  THE  FIELDS 

One  American,  one  British  and  one  Continental 
Society  have  a  total  of  thirty -two*  missionaries 
operating  in  these  islands. 

4.    Polynesia 

Polynesia  includes  the  islands  of  the  West- 
Pacific  Ocean  lying  east  of  Australia,  Melanesia 
and  Micronesia.  With  the  exception  of  New  Zea- 
land aU  the  islands  are  of  comparatively  small  size. 
(Some  do  not  regard  New  Zealand  as  a  part  of  this 
group.)  The  small  islands  and  groups  are  dotted 
over  the  face  of  the  Pacific  for  thousands  of  miles 
from  north  to  south  and  from  east  to  west.  The 
principal  groups  are :  Fiji  Islands,  Samoa,  Hervey 
and  Cook  Islands,  Ellice  and  Tokelau  Islands, 
Tonga  (Friendly)  Islands,  French  Polynesia  (in- 
cluding Marquesas)  and  Hawaii.  The  archipelago 
is  largely  under  the  control  of  Great  Britain,  France, 
Germany  and  the  United  States. 

The  population  of  New  Zealand  is  about  773,- 
000.  The  people  are  largely  of  the  white  race  and 
Protestant  religion.  A  high  degree  of  civilization 
obtains.  The  islands,  exclusive  of  New  Zealand, 
have  a  population  of  nearly  400,000.  Most  of  the 
people  are  of  the  yellow  type.  A  low  degree  of 
civilization  and  loose  marriage  relations  exist  among 
the  natives  who  are  uninfluenced  by  the  Gospel. 
Religions  most  conspicuously  represented  are : 
Protestant    Christianity,    Catholicism,    Shintoism, 

i«  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  191 1,  p.  89.  Student 
Volunteer  Movement. 


THE  ISLAND  WOELD  101 

Confucianism,  Buddhism,  Animism  and  Mormon- 
ism. 

The  power  of  the  Gospel  to  transform  individ- 
uals and  peoples  has  been  well  illustrated  in  parts 
of  Polynesia.  On  certain  of  the  islands  the  mis- 
sionary work  of  a  few  years  has  resulted  in  the 
bringing  of  brutalized  heathen  to  civilization  and 
faith  in  Jesus  Christ.  Some  tribes,  which,  not 
many  years  ago,  were  in  barbarism,  are  now  send- 
ing missionaries  to  neighbouring  islands  still  un- 
evangelized. 

About  170 '  foreign  missionaries  labour  in  this 
field  at  the  present  time.  A  grand  work  has  been 
accomplished.     Very  much  remains  to  be  done. 

»«*  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  191 1,  pp.  90,  loi. 
Student  Volunteer  Movement. 


102  THE  FIELDS 


III.     AUSTRALIA 

The  great  island  or  small  continent  of  Australia, 
containing  3,455,395  square  miles,  is  larger  than 
Continental  United  States.  The  Tropic  of  Capri- 
corn bisects  the  land  almost  equally.  The  south- 
ern part  reaches  to  latitude  39°  south  (Washing- 
ton D.  C.  lies  at  39°  north).  The  northernmost 
point  lies  at  latitude  11°  south  (Northern  Costa 
Kica  in  Central  America  lies  at  latitude  11°  north). 
The  entire  continent  is  controlled  by  Great  Britain. 

Recent  statistics  give  the  population  at  9,263,- 
372.'  Of  these  there  are  about  50,000  aborigines, 
a  few  thousands  each  of  Chinese,  Continental 
European  peoples,  and  Jews ;  but  at  least  nine- 
tenths  of  the  people  are  of  British  origin.  Among 
the  whites,  the  civilization  does  not  differ  from 
that  in  other  English  speaking  countries.  The 
aborigines  are  mostly  classed  as  uncivilized.  Bud- 
dhists, Confucianists,  Taoists,  Mohammedans  and 
Jews  are  found  in  Australia  in  small  numbers. 
There  are  about  50,000  Animists  and  Fetishists  and 
perhaps  1,000,000  Roman  Catholics.  With  these 
exceptions  the  population  is  Protestant  Christian  or 
unclassified  religiously.  The  claim  is  made  that 
thirty-nine  per  cent,  of  the  people  of  Australia  are 
Anglicans. 

Being  a  land  where  Protestant  Christianity  pre- 
vails, Australia  is  not  of  great  importance  as  a 

»  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  Atlas,  191 2. 


AUSTRALIA  103 

foreign  mission  field.  Americans  have  no  mission- 
ary work  on  the  continent.  Australian  societies, 
together  with  one  continental  and  one  international 
society,  have  a  total  of  forty-eight '  missionaries  and 
thirty-nine^  native  workers  among  the  aborigines 
and  Chinese. 

1  *•  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  191 1,  p.  89.  « Ibid. 


104  THE  FIELDS 


IV.    EUROPE 

To  the  world,  Europe  is  the  best  known  of  the 
continents.  Though  small  physically,  she  has  been, 
and  is,  great  intellectually,  commercially  and 
politically.  Here  have  been  born  some  of  the 
greatest  men ;  here  have  been  developed  some  of 
the  greatest  civilizations ;  and  here  have  been 
fought  some  of  the  greatest  battles — national, 
moral  and  religious — of  the  world.  Europe,  hav- 
ing an  area  of  only  3,753,310  '  square  miles,  is  but 
little  larger  than  the  United  States  including 
Alaska. 

The  continent  has  a  population  of  445,133,227.* 
The  people,  of  course,  are  nearly  all  of  the  white 
race.  The  prevailing  religions  of  Europe  are : 
Roman  Catholicism,  179,100,000  ;  Greek  Catholics, 
88,200,000 ;  Protestants,  98,400,000  ;  Jews,  9,000,- 
000 ;  Mohammedans,  8,200,000.^ 

Properly  speaking,  Europe  is  not  a  foreign  mission 
field.  Protestant  missions,  however,  are  conducted 
in  most  of  the  countries  among  the  Jews,  and  in 
Mohammedan  districts  among  the  Mohammedans. 

>  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  Atlas,  19 12.  '  Ibid. 

t  **  World  Almanac,"  1913. 


AFBIOA  105 


V.    AFRICA 


With  the  exception  of  Asia,  Africa  is  the  largest 
of  the  continents.  The  vast  territory  of  11,510,697 
square  miles  *  is  nearly  equal  to  the  combined  areas 
of  North  America  and  Europe.  The  extreme  length, 
from  north  to  south,  is  5,000  miles ;  the  greatest 
width  is  4,600  miles. 

Of  the  physical  features  of  importance  the  Great 
Sahara  must  rank  first.  This  barren  waste  stretches 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean  almost  to  the  Kiver  Nile 
and  has  a  total  area  of  3,459,500  square  miles. 
Thus  this  desert  is  considerably  larger  than  Con- 
tinental United  States  and  almost  as  large  as  the 
whole  of  Europe.  Some  hold  that  this  body  of 
sand  was  once  the  bed  of  a  sea  and  that  to-day,  as 
the  times  of  abundant  moisture  become  more  dis- 
tant, the  aridity  increases.  The  desert  has  quite 
effectually  severed  North  Africa  from  the  central 
and  southern  portions  during  the  centuries.  Had 
it  not  been  for  the  historic  and  life-giving  Nile, 
which  has  served  as  a  pathway  for  the  peoples  of 
Asia,  Europe  and  Egypt  to  the  centre  of  the  con- 
tinent, the  land  and  inhabitants  of  middle  and 
southern  Africa  must  have  remained  quite  unknown 
to  civilization  until  modern  times. 

As  is  well  known,  Africa  lies  almost  entirely 
within  the  tropics.    The  equator  bisects  the  conti- 

1  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  Atlas,  1912. 


106  THE  FIELDS 

nent  a  little  south  of  the  centre.  The  northern- 
most part  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  northern  Ten- 
nessee ;  the  lower  end  of  the  continent  extends 
almost  as  far  into  the  south-temperate  zone.  As 
might  be  expected  in  so  wide  an  area,  a  great 
variety  of  climate  is  experienced.  The  desert  parts 
and  lowlands  of  the  tropics  are  subject  to  extreme 
heat.  Probably  the  tropical  portion  of  the  conti- 
nent is  on  the  whole  the  most  unhealthful  part  of 
the  globe  for  the  white  race.  Malaria  fever  is  com- 
mon and  deadly  on  the  west  coast  and  in  other 
localities  of  low  altitude.  High  altitudes,  even 
comparatively  near  the  equator,  often  furnish  health 
conditions  quite  supportable  to  the  foreigner.  To 
preserve  life  among  the  missionaries  it  has  been  the 
custom  of  some  Boards  to  establish  main  stations  on 
the  highlands,  leaving  the  work  in  the  lowlands  to 
be  accomplished  by  acclimated  natives.  The  cli- 
mates at  the  extreme  ends  of  the  continent,  espe- 
cially the  south,  are  quite  mild,  pleasant  and  health- 
ful. 

In  all  Africa  there  are  only  three  independent 
states — Liberia  in  the  west,  Morocco  in  the  north- 
west and  Abyssinia  in  the  east.  The  areas  of  the 
three  combined  total  613,000  square  miles.  The 
remainder  of  the  continent  is  under  the  control  of 
various  European  nations.  England  has  seventeen 
possessions  with  a  total  area  of  2,101,411  square 
miles.  France  has  territories  amounting  to  3,866,- 
950  square  miles.  Most  of  the  Sahara  lies  in  French 
territory.    Also  possessions  of  varying  importance 


AFRICA  107 

are  held  by  Germany,  Portugal,  Spain,  Belgium, 
Italy  and  Turkey. 

The  people  of  Africa  number  157,645,000.*  The 
population  is  thus  about  30,000,000  greater  than  that 
of  North  America.  The  erroneous  impression  that 
the  inhabitants  of  Africa  are  all  Negroes  is  quite 
common.  Most  of  the  Negroes  of  the  continent 
live  in  the  narrow  strip  of  country  called  the  Sudan 
which  lies  south  of  the  Sahara  and  reaches  to 
within  about  five  degrees  of  the  equator.  Not 
more  than  one-fourth  of  Africa  is  occupied  by 
Negroes.  The  great  sections  of  country  north  and 
east  of  the  Sudan  are  peopled  by  tribes  of  Semitic 
and  Hamitic  origin.  With  the  exception  of  com- 
paratively small  territories  in  the  southwest,  which 
are  inhabited  by  Hottentots  or  Pygmies,  the  natives 
of  the  southern  part  of  the  continent  all  belong  to 
tribes  of  the  Bantu  race.  The  Bantus  are  said  to  num- 
ber 50,000,000.  They  speak  about  300,  and  the  other 
African  tribes  about  500  languages  and  dialects. 

The  culture  of  the  natives  of  Africa  is  very  far 
from  uniform  in  the  various  parts  of  the  continent. 
In  the  forests  of  the  Congo  is  found  the  crudest 
civilization.  Here  scar-tattooing  prevails,  clothing 
is  of  bark  cloth  and  palm  fibre,  shields  are  of  wood, 
bows  are  strung  with  cane,  and  cannibalism  is 
common.  An  idea  of  cannibalism  as  it  exists  to- 
day may  be  had  from  the  following  which  is  based 
upon  the  reports  of  travellers  just  returned  from  the 
exploration  of  western-central  Africa  :    "  One  tribe, 

1  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  Atlas,  191 3. 


108  THE  FIELDS 

at  least,  of  these  cannibals  are  not  simply  men  who 
eat  an  enemy,  or  perhaps  only  his  heart,  after  a 
battle  in  a  ceremonial  sort  of  way,  but  men  and 
women  who  hunt  other  men  and  women  to  slay 
them  for  the  sake  of  feeding  upon  them  exactly  as 
so  much  game  ;  and  who,  when  strangers  come  to 
the  village  whom  they  wish  to  entertain,  will 
slaughter  a  slave  for  the  feast  as  we  would  kill  a 
chicken."  *  The  heathenism  of  Africa,  untouched 
by  Mohammedanism  or  Christianity,  is  of  different 
degrees  of  darkness  and  badness.  Where  the  im- 
press of  Mohammedanism  is  felt,  there  is  a  higher 
degree  of  culture  and  civilization ;  although  per- 
haps not  less  wickedness  and  immorality.  Again 
there  are  the  tribes  that  have  come  in  more  or  less 
close  contact  with  the  moral  standards,  thought  and 
spirit  of  the  Christian  missionary,  and  have  im- 
bibed a  desire  for  different  houses,  clothing,  imple- 
ments, and  in  individual  cases,  a  change  of  heart 
and  life. 

The  slave  trade,  although  hampered  by  the  re- 
strictions of  the  European  governments,  is  still  car- 
ried on  in  the  twentieth  century.  A  view  of  its 
horrors  as  practiced  by  the  Arabians  in  Africa  is 
obtained  by  the  following  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  W. 
R.  Miller :  "  I  may  not  describe  the  awful  things 
that  are  being  perpetuated  in  Central  Africa  by 
Moslem  fiends.  My  little  boys  tell  me  of  the  sights 
they  have  seen  and  treatment  they  have  received ; 
of  relatives    flayed    like    goats    in  their  presence, 

*  Editorial  in  The  Independentf  February  20,  19 13. 


AFEICA  109 

or  sold  by  Mohammedans  to  cannibals ;  of  their 
own  mothers  left  with  a  spear  through  them, 
because  within  a  short  time  of  their  giving  birth 
they  have  been  unable  to  travel  fast,  and  left 
writhing  on  the  ground,  not  killed  outright,  while 
their  children  have  been  ruthlessly  torn  away  never 
again  to  see  them."  * 

Nearly  all  forms  of  religion  are  represented  in 
Africa.  At  the  extreme  south  of  the  continent  in 
English  territory  Protestant  Christianity  prevails. 
Along  the  west  coast  are  numerous  Koman  Catho- 
lics. The  Eastern  Churches  have  more  than  three 
million  adherents.  Jews,  Hindus,  Confucianists 
and  Taoists  are  found  in  comparatively  small  num- 
bers. The  two  leading  religions  of  Africa  numer- 
ically are  Polytheism  and  Mohammedanism. 

The  Polytheists,  of  whom  there  are  about 
100,000,000,  are,  for  the  most  part,  in  the  southern 
half  of  the  continent.  This  rather  elastic  term 
may  be  applied  to  the  Bantus,  Pygmies,  Hottentots 
and  many  of  the  Negroes  of  the  Sudan. 

In  Africa  Mohammedanism,  which  is  only  about 
one-half  as  strong  numerically  as  Polytheism,  is 
much  stronger  as  a  religious  system.  The  fact  of 
Islam's  presence  and  attitude  in  Africa  presents  a 
problem  of  deep  interest  to  the  Christian  world. 
If  African  heathenism  were  left  to  itself,  it  might 
remain  substantially  as  it  is  for  centuries.  Moham- 
medanism has  never  changed  essentially,  and  prob- 
ably never  will.    The  importance  of  the  situation 

»  Church  Missionary  Rtview,  November,  1909,  p.  649. 


110  THE  FIELDS 

lies  in  the  fact  that  Islam  is  intensely  evangelistic 
and  is  ever  pushing  her  frontier  to  the  south.  One 
missionary  suggests  that  unless  the  Christian 
Church  gives  proper  attention  to  the  continent, 
"  Africa  will  become  Mohammedan  from  Zambesi 
to  the  coast  line  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea."  *  Of 
this  condition  Dr.  Henry  Holland  says :  "  Africa 
should  receive  concentrated  attention  because  if 
pagan  Africa  once  embraces  Islam,  then  the  work 
of  converting  them  to  Christianity  will  be  a  thou- 
sand times  more  difficult  and  slow."  ^ 

Further  testimony  on  this  point  is  given  by  Mr. 
S.  M.  Zwemer  in  the  following  :  "  The  strategy  of 
time  and  place  is  even  greater  than  that  of  race. 
On  this  account  none  of  the  unoccupied  fields  in 
Asia,  not  even  Arabia,  can  compare  in  strategic 
urgency  to-day  with  the  unoccupied  fields  of  Africa, 
where  the  forces  are  assembling  for  the  great  con- 
flict between  the  Cross  and  the  Crescent,  and  where 
the  unoccupied  fields  are  the  battle  ground.  It  is 
true  that  the  population  of  Africa  is  comparatively 
small  when  we  think  of  India  or  China,  but  no  one 
acquainted  with  its  history  and  observant  of  its 
resources  can  doubt  that  under  more  settled  and 
propitious  conditions  the  population  will  increase 
enormously.  It  is  among  the  mass  of  dark,  illit- 
erate and  degraded  pagans,  as  well  as  among  the 

»Dr.  Frank  Weston,  The  East  and  the  West,  April,  1 908. 
"  Some  African  Problems." 

3  Letter  to  Commission  No.  I,  World  Missionary  Conference, 
Edinbnrgh,    1910. 


APRICA  111 

semi-civilized  peoples  of  the  north,  already  Moslem, 
that  the  battle  with  Islam  is  to  be  fought.  At 
present,  Islam  is  conquering,  and  nothing  can  stay- 
its  onward  march  or  redeem  Africa  from  its  grasp 
but  the  carrying  of  the  Gospel  of  Christ  at  once 
into  every  part  of  the  unoccupied  fields.  Paganism 
crumbles  before  Islam.  The  situation  is  critical  and 
the  testimony,  as  regards  the  urgency  of  this  part 
of  the  missionary  problem,  is  unanimous  in  its  char- 
acter and  comes  from  every  part  of  the  mission 
field.  From  Syria,  Japan,  the  Philippine  Islands, 
China,  India,  Burma,  Ceylon,  the  New  Hebrides, 
Sumatra,  Arabia,  Baluchistan  and  even  Peru,  testi- 
mony has  come  that  in  the  estimation  of  leading 
missionaries  in  these  countries,  the  most  urgent 
missionary  world  problem  is  to  meet  and  overcome 
the  Mohammedan  advance  in  Africa.  And  this 
testimony  concerns  the  unoccupied  fields  of 
Africa."  * 

Mohammedan  advance  is  made  easy  in  Africa  by 
its  low  moral  standards.  The  faith  of  Islam  spares 
the  sin  the  native  loves.  The  change  from  Poly- 
theism to  Mohammedanism  offers  culture  advan- 
tages and  demands  but  little  in  return.  The  con- 
version thus  becomes  quite  the  proper  thing  and 
fashionable.  A  consideration  not  found  in  the 
religion  itself  but  favourable  to  its  spread  as  com- 
pared with  Christianity  is  found  in  the  fact  that 
"  the  colonial  governments  nearly  everywhere  dis- 
criminate  against  Christian  missions "  while  the 

1 "  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields  of  Asia  and  Africa,"  pp.  170-17 1. 


112  THE  FIELDS 

Mohammedans  carry  on  their  propaganda  with  lit- 
tle hindrance. 

Africa,  including  Madagascar,  has  a  total  force  of 
4,666^  foreign  missionaries  and  27,616  native 
workers.  These  persons  have  headquarters  in 
12,664  stations  and  substations.  Thus  the  con- 
tinent has  one  missionary  for  each  33,000  and  a 
native  worker  for  each  6,000  of  the  people.  Here 
as  in  all  great  fields  the  distribution  is  very  un- 
equal. While  some  few  and  small  portions  may  be 
fairly  well  manned,  other  large  and  important  areas 
are  without  missionary  work  of  any  kind;  and 
many  millions  of  the  people  are  as  ignorant  of 
Christ  as  if  He  had  never  Hved,  and  as  ignorant  of 
God  as  a  people  must  be  with  only  conscience  and 
nature  to  guide  them. 

Looking  at  a  map  showing  the  missionary 
stations  of  Africa,  we  find  that  there  are  many 
more  stations  in  the  southern  than  in  the  northern 
half  of  the  continent ;  that  the  stations  are  largely 
on  or  near  the  coast  while  the  vast  interior  is  com- 
paratively neglected,  especially  is  this  true  of  the 
northern  part  of  Africa ;  that  the  great  Sudan  with 
a  population  estimated  as  high  as  50,000,000  and 
stretching  over  a  territory  from  east  to  west  wider 
than  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco  is  practi- 
cally unapproached  as  far  as  missionary  work  is 
concerned,  having  only  two  or  three  small  clusters 
of  missions  in  the  extreme  south  and  extreme  east ; 
and  that  the  great  Sahara  with  an  area  larger  than 

1  See  table. 


APEICA  118 

India  and  a  population  estimated  at  800,000  has  no 
missionary  work  whatever.  It  might  be  noted 
also  that  the  vast  French  territory  with  an  area 
three  times  as  large  as  that  of  France,  lying  to 
the  west  and  south  of  the  Sahara  and  having  a 
population  of  5,000,000,  has  no  mission  stations  ex- 
cept a  few  small  ones  at  the  Ivory  Coast,  one  on 
the  Senegal  River  and  one  in  French  Guinea. 
The  Spanish  possession  of  Rio  de  Oro  lying  on  the 
coast  northwest  of  the  Sahara  has  an  area  of  70,- 
000  square  miles  and  a  population  of  130,000.  This 
district  is  entirely  without  missions. 

The  following  ^excerpts  from  S.  M.  Zwemer's  in- 
valuable  book  give  a  glimpse  of  the  claims  of  the 
Dark  Continent  to  the  attention,  prayers  and  ef- 
forts of  the  Christian  world  :  "  In  the  nine  north- 
ern provinces  of  Madagascar  with  a  population  of 
about  500,000,  only  two  missionaries  are  located, 
north  of  the  parallel  of  18°  north  latitude ;  going 
four  hundred  miles  north,  there  is  only  one  station 
on  the  east  coast  and  no  station  on  the  west  coast 
or  inland. 

"On  the  western  side  of  Niger  River,  West 
Africa,  and  on  the  region  north  of  the  Cross  River, 
there  are  fields  wholly  unevangelized  and  many  of 
them  not  even  explored.  The  country  is  being 
opened  up  by  the  government,  but,  to  quote  the 
expression  of  one  missionary,  *  Missions  creep  after 
it  like  snails  after  an  express  train.'  The  result  is 
that  in  the  newly-opened  territories  the  advent  of 
the  white  man  is  not  associated  with  the  coming  of 


114  THE  FIELDS 

Jesus    Christ,  but  with  commercialism  together 
with  the  greed  and  vices  of  the  West. 

"  Portuguese  territory,  south  of  the  Zambesi,  is 
very  inadequately  occupied,  while  north  of  the 
Zambesi  there  is  practically  no  mission  work  what- 
ever in  this  field.  It  is  also  comparatively  neg- 
lected by  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church.  As  regards 
the  Portuguese  Congo,  or  Angola,  a  district  in- 
cluding 250,000  square  miles  and  perhaps  a  popula- 
tion of  7,000,000,  the  very  sparsity  of  the  popula- 
tion calls  for  a  larger  number  of  missionaries  ;  and 
yet  throughout  this  great  region  there  are  exten- 
sive districts  where  the  Gospel  has  never  yet  been 
carried.  In  the  Belgian  Congo  there  are  also 
several  districts  wholly  outside  of  present  mission- 
ary effort.  Between  Baringa  station  of  the '  Regions 
Beyond  Missionary  Union '  with  only  five  mission- 
aries, and  Ibanshi  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
the  United  States  (South),  with  four  missionaries,  is 
a  distance  of  over  four  hundred  miles  and  there  is 
no  mission  station  between.  From  Bolobo  on  the 
Congo  to  Lake  Tanganyika,  one  can  travel  for 
nine  hundred  miles  without  coming  to  a  mission 
station. 


"Yet,  with  all  this  material  progress,  French 
Guinea,  and  Portuguese  Guinea,  with  the  coast  of 
Senegambia,  have  no  Protestant  missions.  The 
latter  has  a  population  of  820,000  ;  the  former  of 
2,000,000.    The  centres  of  population  are  Konakry, 


AFEICA  116 

the  capital,  Boke,  Dubreka,  Timbo,  and,  in  Por- 
tuguese territory,  Bissau. 

*'  Concerning  the  French  Congo,  which  has  an 
area  two  and  a  half  times  that  of  France  and  a 
population  of  perhaps  10,000,000,  we  read :  '  Mis- 
sion work  was  begun  here  by  the  American  Pres- 
byterians, who,  after  the  acquisition  of  the  land  by 
France,  handed  over  some  of  their  stations  to  the 
Paris  society,  which  has  since  established  two  other 
principal  stations.  These  stations  are  placed  along 
the  navigable  part  of  the  Ogowe,  and  reach  only 
250  miles  from  the  coast.  They  touch  several 
tribes  of  which  the  most  important  is  the  Fan 
tribe,  and  M.  AUegret  remarks  that  if  this  tribe 
could  be  won  for  Christianity,  it  would  form  a 
strong  bulwark  against  the  advance  of  Islam.'  But 
the  whole  of  the  vast  interior  is  absolutely  un- 
reached. The  hindrance  has  been  chiefly  lack  of 
men  and  means.  The  advance  of  commerce  into 
the  interior,  the  southward  spread  of  Islam,  and  the 
possibility  of  an  atheistic  attitude  on  the  part  of  the 
government,  constitute  the  dangers  ahead,  but  at 
present  the  w^ay  is  open  for  advance. 

"  In  Nigeria,  as  we  have  seen  in  Chapter  I,  and 
as  is  evident  on  the  map,  about  two-thirds  of  the 
field  is  absolutely  untouched.  To  man  even  two 
bases  in  each  province  would  require  at  least  forty- 
eight  missionaries  and  double  that  number  of  native 
Christians,  while  at  present  there  are  only  about 
thirty-four  male  missionaries  very  unequally  dis- 
tributed.   The  Mohammedans  are  steadily  pushing 


116  THE  FIELDS 

into  the  pagan  districts,  while  the  British  Qovem- 
ment  unfortunately  prohibits  the  evangelization  of 
Mohammedans  by  excluding  the  missionaries  from 
pagan  districts  into  which  Islam  has  access.  Only 
a  small  proportion  of  the  people  can  read,  and  the 
only  scripture  translation  available  is  the  New  Tes- 
tament in  Hausa  and  Nupe,  while  there  are  two 
principal  and  twenty-three  lesser  languages  into 
which  no  Scripture  portion  has  yet  been  trans- 
lated. 

"  North  Africa  is  nominally  an  occupied  mission 
field,  and  yet  work  was  only  begun  in  the  Barbary 
States  within  the  last  thirty  years,  and  is  repre- 
sented to-day  by  a  few  isolated  stations  and  at 
most  a  handful  of  workers  in  the  largest  centres. 
Southern  Tripoli  and  the  district  of  Oran  in  Al- 
geria are  practically  unoccupied,  as  there  is  only 
one  station  in  each  ;  and  Morocco,  south  and  east 
of  the  Atlas  Range,  is  almost  wholly  an  unculti- 
vated area.  The  lower  half  of  Tunis  has  no  mis- 
sion station.  The  station  furthest  south  is  at  Ejar- 
wan,  opened  by  the  North  Africa  Mission  in  1897. 
At  present  this  strategic  centre  of  Moslem  learning 
and  propagandism,  with  a  population  of  nearly  30,- 
000,  has  one  married  missionary  and  a  single  woman. 
The  city  has  thirty  mosques  and  is  a  great  centre 
for  pilgrimage.  From  Kairwan  one  could  travel 
directly  southeast  for  two  thousand  two  Mindred 
miles  before  reaching  Upoto  on  the  Congo.  And 
this  is  the  nearest  mission  station  in  that  direction  ! 
Could  any  statement  give  a  clearer  idea  of  the  vast 


APEICA  117 

areas  in  the  Dark  Continent  that  still  await  the 
light  of  the  Gospel?"* 

It  has  been  estimated  that  nearly  one-half  of 
Africa  is  unreached  by  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ. 
Yet  it  must  be  confessed  that  the  propagation  of 
the  faith  is  not  a  central  idea  with  most  professed 
Christians.  "But  whoso  hath  this  world's  good, 
and  seeth  his  brother  have  need,  and  shutteth  up 
his  bowels  of  compassion  from  him,  how  dwelleth 
the  love  of  God  in  him  ?  " 

Salient  Facts  About  Africa 

Area  :  11,510,597  square  miles. 

Population  :  157,645,000 

Government :  Eighteen-nineteenths  under  sover- 
eignty of  European  nations. 

Eeligious :  Polytheism  and  Mohammedanism  pre- 
vailing. 

Different  laDguages  and  dialects  :  About  800. 

Greatest  danger  ;  Mohammedanism. 

Civilization  :  Low  to  very  low  among  the  nativea 

Africa  has 
2,032,948  Protestant  Christians. 
4,666  Protestant  foreign  missionaries. 
27,515  native  helpers. 

About  one-half  of  her  people  unreached  by  the 
Gospel. 

'  "  Unoccupied  Mission  Fields  of  Asia  and  Africa."  Selected  from 
pp.  38-42.  Published  by  Student  Volunteer  Movement.  Mr_ 
Zwemer  obtained  most  of  his  data  for  the  above  from  the  Report  of 
World  Missionary  Conference,  Edinburgh,  1910,  Vol.  I,  and  "  Statis- 
tical Atlas  of  Christian  Missions." 


118 


THE  FIELDS 


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VI.     SOUTH  AMEEICA 

South  America  has  a  total  length  from  north  to 
south  of  4,700  miles,  and  a  width  of  3,150  miles. 
The  area  including  the  islands  is  6,849,531 '  square 
miles.  It  is  thus  more  than  five-sixths  as  large  as 
North  America. 

About  one-fourth  of  the  continent  lies  in  the 
south-temperate  zone.  The  other  three-fourths  is 
within  the  tropics  with  the  greater  part  south  of 
the  equator.  Because  of  the  proximity  of  most  of 
the  continent  to  the  equator,  small  variety  of  tem- 
perature is  experienced.  However,  the  Horn,  at 
the  extreme,  south,  lies  farther  from  the  equator 
than  does  southern  Canada  and  has  marked  changes 
of  temperature  with  the  seasons. 

South  America  is  a  continent  of  republics.  The 
three  Guianas — British,  Dutch  and  French — are 
small  territories  on  the  northeast  seacoast  and  are 
the  only  dependencies  of  European  powers  on  the 
continent.  All  the  Guianas  are  within  the  tropics. 
There  are  ten  republics  as  follows  :  Brazil,  occupy- 
ing all  of  the  eastern  and  much  of  the  central  parts, 
comprises  nearly  one-half  of  the  land  surface  of  the 
continent.  Nearly  all  of  this  country  lies  within 
the  torrid  zone.  Venezuela,  Colombia,  Ecuador, 
Peru  and  Bolivia  are  entirely  within  the  tropics. 
Chile,  Paraguay  and  Argentine  Eepublic  are  each 
cut  by  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn.     Uruguay,  though 

»  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.,  Atlas,  1912. 


SOUTH  AMEEICA  121 

hundreds  of  miles  north  of  the  southern  parts  of 
Argentine  Republic  and  Chile,  is  still  the  only 
country  lying  wholly  within  the  south  temperate 
zone  and  the  only  country  of  South  America 
wholly  outside  of  the  tropics. 

The  people  of  South  America  number  48,943,437 ' 
or  a  little  more  than  seven  to  the  square  mile. 
Most  of  these  people  live  near  the  seacoast.  More 
than  one-half  of  the  continent,  including  all  the 
vast  territory  drained  by  the  Amazon  and  much  of 
the  southern  horn,  has  less  than  one  person  to  the 
square  mile.  South  America  is  preeminently  a  land 
of  Latin  speaking  peoples.  In  Brazil  the  language 
is  Portuguese.  Elsewhere  Spanish  predominates. 
The  aborigines,  speaking  their  native  languages, 
are  numerous  in  some  parts.  A  great  variety  of 
people  is  found.  The  Spanish,  Portuguese  and 
aborigines  are  the  most  numerous.  In  certain 
sections  there  are  many  Chinese,  Japanese  and 
African  Negroes.  Ignorance,  superstition  and  illit- 
eracy are  prevailing  characteristics.  In  Argentina 
the  illiteracy  is  fifty  per  cent. ;  in  Brazil  eighty-four 
per  cent,  of  the  people  are  illiterate. 

The  Spanish  speaking  conquerors  of  South 
America  subjected  the  aborigines  to  great  cruelty, 
especially  in  the  first  two  or  three  centuries  of 
their  rule.  The  natives  were  reduced  to  slavery  or 
exterminated  to  suit  the  caprice  of  the  whites. 
Amelioration  of  the  suffering  was  frequently  of- 
fered to  those  who  would  consent  to  be  baptized 

»  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.,  Atlas,  19 12. 


122  THE  FIELDS 

into  the  Koraan  Catholic  Church.  Thus  the 
methods  of  Mohammed  were  used  for  the  spread  of 
Christianity  (?)  in  South  America.  The  weak  hold 
of  the  Catholic  Church  upon  most  of  the  natives 
would  suggest  that  policy  has  played  a  greater 
part  than  conviction  in  the  change  of  their  religious 
views. 

A  glimpse  of  the  social  and  moral  conditions  on 
this  so-called  Christian  continent  may  be  had  from 
the  following :  "  Like  priest  like  people.  The  im- 
morality of  the  priests  is  doubtless  one  reason  for 
the  looseness  of  the  family  tie  in  all  parts  of  South 
America.  While  divorces  are  not  allowed  for  any 
cause,  separations  and  illegal  alliances  are  very 
easy  and  very  common.  Every  large  city  has  a 
public  orphan  asylum  where  babies  are  thi'ust  in 
and  no  questions  asked.  In  fact  every  convenience 
is  arranged  to  prevent  the  recognition  of  parents." ' 
Because  of  the  high  price  demanded  by  the  priest 
for  the  marriage  ceremony  many  couples  live  to- 
gether and  rear  their  families  without  this  usual 
formality.  Some  have  the  ceremony  performed  by 
the  civil  authorities.  A  union  thus  made  is  not  con- 
sidered to  be  strongly  binding.  Polygamy  is  more 
common  than  in  Moslem  lands. 

The  following  pathetic  statement  is  further  testi- 
mony in  the  same  direction  :  "  I  have  done  all  in 
my  power  to  pull  them  out  of  the  cesspool  of 
ignorance  and  vice.  .  .  .  They  are  always  the 
same — brutal,  drunken,  seducers  of  innocence,  with- 

*  Frances  E.  Clark,  "  The  Continent  of  Opportunity." 


SOUTH  AMERICA  123 

out  I'eligion  and  without  conscience.  Better  would 
be  the  people  without  them.  .  .  .  The  priests 
of  these  villages  have  no  idea  of  God  nor  of  the 
religion  of  which  they  are  the  professed  ministers. 
They  never  study.  They  go  from  their  disorders  of 
the  bed  to  those  of  the  temple,  looking  for  more 
prey  for  their  horrible  sacrilege,  then  back  to  the 
laziness,  drunkenness  and  awful  disorders  of  the 
bed  again.  You  cannot  imagine  the  pain  that  these 
things  give  me.  I  am  sick  and  tired  of  it  all. 
There  are  exceptions,  but  so  very  few  that  they  are 
not  enough  to  mitigate  the  pain."  ' 

After  speaking  of  the  gross  immorality  of  the 
South  American  peoples  Walter  Scott  Lee  says: 
"  Right  in  line  with  this  is  the  universal  desecra- 
tion of  the  Sabbath,  the  one  day  of  every  week 
given  over  to  social  life :  balls,  dinners,  bull  and 
cock  lights,  debauchery  in  its  lowest  forms,  the 
drawing  of  the  lottery  weekly,  political  and  carnival 
parades  and  other  desecrations." 

Roman  Catholicism  is  the  religion  of  South 
America.  Perhaps  four-fifths  of  the  people  hold 
this  faith  more  or  less  firmly.  The  aborigines, 
though  to  a  large  extent  professing  the  Catholic 
faith,  are  often  worshippers  of  idols  in  secret.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Clark  :  "It  cannot  be  said  that  the 
overwhelming  majority  of  the  people  of  South 
America  are  Roman  Catholics.  Most  of  the  peo- 
ple, to  be  sure,  are  baptized  and  buried  by  a  priest, 
but  these  are  the  only  occasions  when  many  have 

»  Alfonso,  Bishop. 


124  THE  FIELDS 

any  use  for  him.  The  churches  are  full  of  women 
and  empty  of  men.  I  have  been  in  church  where 
I  have  seen  hundreds  of  women  worshippers,  and 
when  I,  a  heretic  in  their  estimation,  was  the  only 
man  within  its  walls."  ' 

The  class  of  religious  instruction  imposed  upon 
the  people  is  revealed  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Porter,  who 
says :  "  Millions  in  Brazil  look  upon  the  Virgin 
Mary  as  their  Saviour.  To  them  Christ  is  practi- 
cally numbered  among  the  saints,  and  will  do  noth- 
ing except  as  his  mother  directs.  A  book  widely 
circulated  throughout  northern  Brazil  says  that 
Mary,  when  still  a  mere  child,  went  bodily  to 
heaven  and  begged  God  to  send  Christ,  through 
her,  into  the  world.  Further  on  it  says  that  Mary 
went  again  to  heaven  to  plead  for  sinners ;  and  at 
the  close  Mary's  will  is  given,  disposing  of  the 
whole  world,  and  God,  the  Father,  Son  and  Holy 
Spirit,  the  Trinity,  act  as  the  three  witnesses  to  the 
will.  How  many  good  Christians  at  home  think 
that  Brazil  is  a  Christian  country  !  " 

Next  to  Catholicism  in  numerical  strength  is 
Polytheism.  It  has  been  said  that  paganism  pre- 
vails to  such  an  extent  that  one  may  travel  from 
end  to  end  of  the  continent  in  heathen  lands  and 
among  people  who  do  not  know  who  God  is.  It  is 
estimated  that  there  are  six  or  seven  million  of 
these  natives  unconverted  to  Catholicism.  Nearly 
all  of  the  religions  of  the  world  are  found  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  on  the  continent. 

1  "  The  Continent  of  Opportunity." 


SOUTH  AMEEICA  125 

The  following  paragraphs  illustrate  South  Amer- 
ica's claim  upon  the  attention  of  the  missionary 
boards ;  "  South  America,  consequently,  is  not  a 
continent  of  a  single  religion.  Though  Christian- 
ity is  there,  it  is  not  a  truly  and  thoroughly  Chris- 
tian continent.  On  the  contrary  it  is  largely  filled 
with  errors  as  to  gospel  Christianity,  and  is  largely 
pagan  or  semi-pagan.  South  America  is,  there- 
fore, a  legitimate  mission  field — a  proper  field  for 
Protestant  Christian  missions.  South  America  is  a 
continent  that,  on  many  grounds,  appeals  for  mis- 
sionary effort. 

"  Should  we  have  missions  in  pagan  lands  ?  then 
we  should  go  to  South  America,  for  in  that  land 
there  is  a  startling  proportion  of  paganism.  Should 
we  send  missionaries  to  the  south  of  Asia  ?  then  we 
should  send  missionaries  to  South  America,  for 
large  numbers  of  Asiatics  are  there.  Should  we  go 
to  Africa  ?  then  we  should  go  to  South  America,  for 
the  Negro  is  there.  Should  we  establish  missions 
for  Mohammedans?  then  we  should  enter  South 
America,  for  the  Mohammedan  is  in  that  continent. 
Should  we  give  the  true  Gospel  to  those  who  do  not 
possess  it  ?  then  we  should  send  missionaries  to 
South  America,  for  in  that  vast  continent  there  are 
many  millions  who  are  without  the  true  Gospel  and 
have  been  misled  by  a  distorted  and  perverted  sub- 
stitute for  Christianity  which  is  but  a  counterfeit 
and  not  Christianity,  except  in  name.  Any  reason 
that  can  be  advanced  for  true  gospel  missions  any- 
where, applies  just  as  well  in  South  America. 


126  THE  FIELDS 

"  Aboriginal  paganism  is  totally  inadequate  for 
the  task  of  remoralizing  the  people ;  and  Koman- 
ism,  though  it  has  had  the  opportunity  for  centuries, 
has  utterly  failed.  A  new  religious  force  is 
absolutely  needed,  and  this  force  must  be  supplied 
by  Protestantism." ' 

The  many  Indian  languages  imposes  one  of  the 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  missions  in  South  America. 
This,  though  a  hindering  circumstance,  is,  of  course, 
not  insurmountable.  The  unhealthfulness  of  the 
climate  in  many  parts  is  another  barrier,  but  is 
not  prohibitive  in  its  nature.  The  fact  that  the 
governments,  controlled  more  or  less  by  Koman 
Catholicism,  are  hostile  to  Protestant  missions,  has 
been  in  the  way  of  missionary  progress  in  the  past. 
It  may  be  remembered,  however,  that  though  Ro- 
man Catholicism,  in  South  America,  is  "  intolerant, 
it  is  not  all-powerful." 

The  Protestant  missionary  force  of  South  Amer- 
ica numbers  764.^  When  we  remember  that  the 
United  States,  which  is  less  than  half  as  large  in 
square  miles,  has  about  175,000  Protestant  minis- 
ters, we  recognize  the  great  contrast.  The  mis- 
sions are  largely  situated  along  the  seacoast  and 
in  the  most  populous  regions.  The  vast  territory 
drained  by  the  Amazon,  which  is  much  larger  than 
the  whole  of  the  United  States,  is  practically  un- 
approached  as  far  as  missionary  enterprise  is  con- 
cerned. Beside  this  immense  region,  there  are  dis- 
tricts in  the  southern  part  of  the  continent  larger 

1  Thos.  B.  Neely  in  «  South  America."  »  See  table. 


SOUTH  AMEEICA                     127  \ 

than  New  York  State,  which  have  not  a  single  \ 

mission  station  within  their  borders.    So  great  and  J 

pressing  is  the  need  and  so  inadequate  is  the  present  i 

evangelizing  force,  that  authors  have   been  con-  | 

strained  to  speak  of  South  America  as  the  "  Neg-  i 

lected  Continent."  ■ 

"Also  I  heard  the  voice  of  the  Lord,  saying,  ; 

Whom  shall  I  send,  and  who  will  go  for  us  ?    Then  I 

said  I,  Here  am  I ;  send  me."  \ 

i 

Salient  Facts  About  South  Ameeioa  ! 

Area  :  6,849,531  square  miles. 

Population :  48,943,437.  ! 

Governments :    Independent    republics   except   the 

Guianas. 
Religion  :  Eoman  Catholicism  prevailing. 
Illiteracy  :  Very  high.     Often  50  per  cent,  to  85  per 

cent.  : 

South  Ameeica  has  \ 

6,000,000  heathen.  \ 

270,000  Protestant  Christians.  \ 

764  Protestant  foreign  missionaries.  ' 

1,405  native  helpers.  j 


128 


THE  FIELDS 


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130  THE  FIELDS 


VII.     NOETH  AMERICA 
1.    Mexico 

The  Republic  of  Mexico  lies  directly  south  of  the 
United  States.  The  country  is  about  as  large  as 
the  states  of  Texas,  California,  New  Mexico,  Ari- 
zona and  Colorado  combined.  The  exact  area  is 
767,005  square  miles.  The  northern  part  of  Mexico, 
comprising  about  one-half  of  the  whole,  lies  north 
of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer ;  the  southern  part  is  within 
the  tropics. 

The  population  of  15,063,200  is  a  little  greater 
than  the  combined  populations  of  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio  and  Iowa.  Twenty  persons  is  the  average  to 
the  square  mile.  Of  the  population  about  nineteen 
per  cent,  are  whites  and  thirty-eight  per  cent,  are 
Indians.  The  remaining  forty-three  per  cent,  are 
mixed  bloods.  The  whites  are  largely  of  Spanish 
descent. 

Mexico  has  been  in  a  state  of  political  unrest  for 
many  decades.  The  abuses  of  the  government  and 
the  unjust  system  of  land  tenure  have  been  con- 
tinual causes  of  rebellion  and  revolution.  Besides 
the  iniquities  of  the  government  the  people  have 
tolerated  the  tyranny,  immorality  and  greed  of 
Roman  Catholicism  these  many  years.  It  is  said 
that  in  1859  one-third  of  the  real  and  personal 
property  of  the  country  was  owned  by  this  church. 

As  in  South  America  and  all  countries  dominated 
by  the  Catholic  Church,  the  state  of  morals  is  low. 


NOETH  AMEEICA  131 

The  articles  in  this  book  on  Eoman  Catholicism, 
Part  I,  and  South  America,  Part  II,  fairly  depict 
the  moral  state  of  aU  countries  afflicted  with  Eome's 
priesthood,  unmitigated  by  the  presence  of  some 
strong  moral  force.  The  Eoman  Catholic  Church 
claims  about  13,500,000  adherents.  In  this  number, 
however,  are  included  many  aborigines  who,  while 
they  outwardly  profess  the  Catholic  faith,  secretly 
retain  the  gods  of  their  ancestors.  The  Protestants 
number  somewhat  more  than  50,000. 

The  government  was  intolerant  of  any  but  the 
Catholic  religion  until  1857.  However,  before  that 
date,  the  Bible  found  its  way  into  the  country. 
Many  copies  were  discovered  by  the  authorities 
and  committed  to  the  flames,  but  many  copies  more 
of  the  new  and  strange  book  found  their  way  to 
the  homes  of  appreciative  people. 

Nineteen  missionary  societies — eighteen  Ameri- 
can and  Canadian,  and  one  British — have  a  total  of 
294 '  missionaries  in  this  field.  This  is  about  one 
missionary  to  each  50,000  people.  The  gross  dark- 
ness of  the  inhabitants,  the  omnipresent  priesthood 
and  the  exceeding  smaU  number  of  faithful  Chris- 
tians form  part  of  Mexico's  eloquent  claim  to  the 
attention  of  the  Christian  world. 

2.    Central  America 
Central  America  "  consists  of  that  portion  of  the 
American  continent  which  lies  between  Mexico  and 

1 "  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  p.  99.     Student  Volunteer 
Movement. 


132  THE  FIELDS 

Colombia,  comprising  the  British  crown  colony  of 
British  Honduras  and  the  six  independent  repub- 
lics, Guatemala,  Salvador,  Honduras,  Nicaragua, 
Costa  Eica  and  Panama."  The  countries  taken 
together  form  a  territory  about  as  large  as  the  states 
of  Colorado  and  Nebraska  combined.  The  exact 
size  is  181,500  square  miles.  All  the  countries  lie 
entirely  within  the  tropics.  The  climate  is  subject 
to  marked  changes  of  heat  and  cold,  and  in  some 
places  unhealthful  conditions  prevail. 

The  people  number  about  4,741,301.  Thus  the 
population  is  a  little  less  than  that  of  the  state  of 
Ohio.  About  one-third  of  the  people  are  Indians. 
A  large  per  cent,  of  the  remainder  are  of  mixed 
Indian  and  Spanish  blood.  The  percentage  of 
illiteracy  is  high.  Savagery  exists  in  some  sections. 
It  has  been  estimated  that  450,000  of  the  people  are 
sunk  in  heathen  darkness.  Except  these  heathen, 
the  people  are  dominated  by  Eoman  Catholic  in- 
fluence. 

Sixteen  missionary  societies — eight  American, 
four  British,  two  international  and  two  Jamaican — 
have  a  total  of  131  *  Protestant  foreign  missionaries 
in  Central  America.  There  is  thus  one  missionary 
for  each  36,000  of  the  population.  Unequal  dis- 
tribution of  the  working  force  is  found  here  as 
everywhere.  Some  of  the  countries  have  but  three 
or  four  towns  with  mission  stations  within  their 
borders. 

1 "  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  p.  98.  Student  Volunteer 
Movement. 


NOETH  AMEEICA  133 

3.  West  Indies 
The  West  Indies  comprise  those  groups  of  islands 
lying  south  and  southeast  of  Florida  known  as 
Greater  Antilles  and  Lesser  Antilles.  Cuba,  Haiti, 
Jamaica  and  Porto  Eico,  with  their  adjacent  islands, 
make  up  the  Greater  Antilles.  The  long  group  of 
smaller  islands,  extending  from  that  portion  of  the 
ocean  lying  directly  east  of  Porto  Eico  south  to  the 
northern  coast  of  South  America  is  known  as  Lesser 
Antilles.  The  combined  area  of  the  islands  is  about 
100,000  square  miles.  Cuba  and  Haiti  possess  free 
governments,  Jamaica  belongs  to  the  British,  and 
Porto  Eico  to  the  United  States.  The  other  islands 
are  held  largely  by  the  British,  French,  Spanish, 
Danish,  and  Dutch.  About  forty  of  the  islands  are 
inhabited. 

The  7,775,000  people  of  the  Antilles  are  largely 
Europeans,  Americans,  Negroes,  Hindus,  and 
Chinese.  The  ancestors  of  the  three  last  named 
were  either  brought  to  the  West  Indies  as  slaves, 
or  tempted  there  by  luring  promises.  The  aborig- 
ines, Africans  and  Asiatics  have  all  suffered  terri- 
bly under  the  selfish  greed  and  fiendish  cruelty  of 
the  Europeans.  About  two-thirds  of  the  people 
to-day  are  of  African  blood,  although  in  Cuba  and 
Porto  Eico  the  whites  are  in  the  majority.  Spanish 
is  the  prevailing  language.  French,  English  and 
other  dialects  are  spokeTi  in  some  sections. 

Catholicism  is  the  prevailing  religion.  Among 
the  lower  classes  heathenism  is  mixed  with  the 


134  THE  FIELDS 

Catholic  faith.    Adherents  of  various  Protestant 
churches  are  scattered  throughout  the  islands. 

Cuba  is  occupied  by  sixteen  ^  missionary  societies, 
all  of  which  are  American.  There  are  142  ^  foreign 
missionaries  on  the  island.  Eighteen^  American, 
British,  International  and  Jamaican  societies  have 
a  total  of  257  ^  missionaries  on  Jamaica.  The  island 
of  Haiti,  made  up  of  the  republics  of  Haiti  and 
Santo  Domingo,  is  occupied  by  seven  American, 
one  British  and  one  Jamaican  societies,  with  a  total 
of  seventeen®  missionaries.  In  Porto  Kico  167^ 
foreign  missionaries  are  under  the  direction  of  fif- 
teen American  societies.  In  the  Lesser  Antilles 
186  ^  missionaries  are  under  the  direction  of  fourteen 
American,  British,  Continental,  International  and 
West  Indian  Societies. 

4.    Eskimos 

The  name  Eskimo  means  "Kaw  Fish  Eater." 
"  The  regions  inhabited  by  the  Eskimo  extend  from 
the  Behring  Strait  over  the  northern  coast  of 
America  and  its  group  of  Arctic  islands  to  the  east 
coast  of  Greenland." 

Over  this  vast,  barren  territory  wander  from 
twenty  to  forty  thousand  people  living  after  the 
manner  of  their  fathers,  and  untouched  to  any 
practical  extent  by  our  civilization.  In  summer  the 
Eskimo  usually  Uves  "  in  a  conical  tent  of  skins ; 
and  in  winter  in  half-underground  huts  of  stone, 

*♦•  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions,"  191 1,  pp.  99-icx), 
^Jbid.  ^Ibid.         ^  Ibid.  ''Ibid,         ^Jbid.  "*  Ibid. 


NORTH  AMERICA  136 

turf,  earth,  wood  and  bones — connected  with  the 
outside  world  by  a  passage — tunnel-like — which 
must  be  traversed  on  all  fours.  If  the  residence  is 
only  temporary,  it  is  sometimes  made  of  blocks  of 
ice  or  snow  with  a  clear  piece  of  ice  for  a  window. 
Light  and  heat  for  the  dwelling,  which  is  usually 
very  filthy,  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  the  blubber 
lamp."  The  Eskimo  dresses  entirely  in  skins, 
especially  of  the  seal,  reindeer,  bear  and  whale. 
He  eats  the  flesh  of  fish  and  animals,  often  uncooked. 
No  vegetable  food  is  used  except  a  few  berries  and 
roots. 

The  native  religion  consists  in  a  belief  in  good 
and  evil  spirits,  limited  each  to  its  own  sphere,  and 
in  a  heaven  and  hell.  A  childish  faith  is  placed  in 
the  native  wizard.  About  10,000  of  the  Eskimos 
found  especially  in  Greenland  and  Labrador  are 
nominally,  at  least.  Christian. 

Missionary  operations  are  carried  on  among  the 
Eskimos  by  several  denominations.  The  fact  that 
the  Eskimo  peoples  are  so  largely  nomadic  and  so 
widely  scattered  makes  missionary  work  among 
them  diflicult  and  expensive. 


PART  III 
Missionary  Gems 


PART  III 
Missionary  Gems 


I.     THE  VOICE  OP  SCEIPTUEE 

1.  The  Ground  of  Missionary  Work : 

God  so  loved  the  world,  that  He  gave  His  only 
begotten  Son,  that  whosoever  believeth  in  Him 
should  not  perish,  but  have  everlasting  life. — 
John  Hi.  16. 

Good  tidings  of  great  joy,  which  shall  be  to  all 
people. — Luke  ii.  10. 

Go  ye  into  all  the  world,  and  preach  the  Gospel 
to  every  creature. — Mark  xvi.  15. 

2.  The  Need  of  Missionary  Work : 

The  Lord  looked  down  from  heaven  upon  the 
children  of  men,  to  see  if  there  were  any  that 
did  understand,  and  seek  God.  They  are  all 
gone  aside,  they  are  all  together  become  filthy. 
There  is  none  that  doeth  good,  no  not  one. — 
Psalm  xiA).  ^,  3. 

Without  Christ  .  .  .  having  no  hope,  and 
without  God  in  the  world. — Eph,  ii.  12. 

Whosoever  shall  call  upon  the  name  of  the  Lord 

shall  be  saved.    How  then  shall  they  call  on 

Him  in  whom  they  have  not  believed  ?  and 

how  shall  they  believe  in  Him  of  whom  they 

139 


140  MISSIONAEY  GEMS 

have  not  heard  ?   and  how  shall  they  hear 
without  a  preacher  ?  and  how  shall  they  preach 
except  they  be  sent  ? — Rom.  x,  13-15. 
Come  over  and  help  us. — Acts  xvi.  9. 

3.     The  Pv/rjposG  of  Missionary  Work : 

To  seek  and  to  save  that  which  was  lost. — 

Luke  xix.  10. 
To  open  their  eyes,  and  to  turn  them  from  dark- 
ness to  light,  and  from  the  power  of  Satan  unto 
God,  that  they  may  receive  forgiveness  of  sins, 
and  inheritance  among  them  that  are  sanctified. 
— Acts  xxvi.  18. 

4'.  The  Sin  of  standing  aloof  from  Missionxtry 
Work : 

We  do  not  well :  this  day  is  a  day  of  good  tidings, 
and  we  hold  our  peace. — ^  Kings  vii.  9. 

Curse  ye  Meroz,  said  the  angel  of  the  Lord; 
curse  ye  bitterly  the  inhabitants  thereof ;  be- 
cause they  came  not  to  the  help  of  the  Lord, 
to  the  help  of  the  Lord  against  the  mighty. 
— Judges  v.  23, 

I  was  afraid,  and  hid  Thy  talent  in  the  earth. 
Thou  wicked  and  slothful  servant.  — Matt. 
XXV.  25,  26. 

5.     The  Motive  of  Missionary  Work : 

How    much    owest    thou    unto    my    Lord  ? — 

Luke  xvi.  5. 
The  love  of  Christ  constraineth  us. — 2  Cor.  v.  H. 
For  ye  know  the  grace  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ, 

that  though  He  was  rich,  yet  for  your  sakes 


THE  VOICE  OF  SCEIPTUEE  141 

He  became  poor,  that  ye  through  His  poverty 
might  be  rich. — 2  Cor.  viii.  9. 
What  shall  I  render  unto  the  Lord  for  all  His 
benefits  towards  me  ? — Psalm  cxvi.  12. 

6.  Ways  of  helping  Missionary  Work : 

1  heard  the  voice  of  the  Lord,  saying.  Whom 

shall  I  send,  and  who  will  go  for  us  ?    Then 

said  I,  Here  am  I :  send  me. — Isa.  vi.  8. 
Ye  also  helping  together  by  prayer  for  us. — 

2  Cor.  i.  2. 
Pray  ye  the  Lord  of  the  harvest,  that  He  will 

send  forth  labourers  into  His  harvest. — Matt. 

ix.  38. 
Upon  the  first  day  of  the  week  let  every  one  of 

you  lay  by  him  in  store,  as  God  hath  prospered 

him. — 1  Cor.  xvi.  2. 

7.  The  spirit  in  vjhich   help  should  he  given  to 
Missionary  Work: 

Lord,  what  wilt  thou  have  me  to  do  ? — Acts  ix.  6, 

Whatsoever  ye  do,  do  it  heartily,  as  to  the  Lord, 
and  not  unto  men. — Col.  Hi.  23. 

Kot  grudgingly,  or  of  necessity,  for  God  loveth 
a  cheerful  giver. — 2  Cor.  ix.  7. 

The  people  rejoiced  for  that  they  offered  will- 
ingly.— 1  Chron.  xxix.  9. 

She  hath  done  what  she  coVi\6..—MarTc  xiv.  8. 

8.  The  reioard  of  a  share  in  Missionary  Worh : 
The  liberal  soul  shall  be  made  fat :  and  he  that 

watereth  shall  be  watered  also  himself. — Prov. 

xi.  25. 


142  MISSIONARY  GEMS 

The  blessing  of  him  that  was  ready  to  perish 
came  on  me. — Job  xxix.  13. 

"Well  done,  good  and  faithful  servant ;  thou  hast 
been  faithful  over  a  few  things ;  I  will  make 
thee  ruler  over  many  things :  enter  thou  into 
the  joy  of  thy  Lord. — Matt.  xxv.  23. 

9.     The  end  of  Missionary  Work : 

This  Gospel  of  the  Kingdom  shall  be  preached 

in  all  the  world  for  a  witness  unto  all  nations ; 

and  then  shaU  the  end  come. — Matt.  xxiv.  H. 
And    the  idols   he  shall  utterly  abolish. — Isa. 

ii.  18. 
For  the  earth  shall  be  filled  with  the  knowledge 

of  the  glory  of  the  Lord,  as  the  waters  cover 

the  sea. — Hah.  ii.  H. 
The  kingdoms  of  the  world  shall  become  the 

kingdoms  of  our  Lord,  and  of  His  Christ,  and 

He  shall  reign  forever  and  ever. — Bev.  ix.  IS. 

— "  The  Fvangelizatio7i  of  the  World;'  p.  66, 

II.     THE  LORD^S  COMMANDS 

But  are  Foreign  Missions  the  Church's  great 
primary  work  ? 

Let  us  look  at  the  ground  upon  which  we  under- 
take them  at  all.  Let  us  go  back  to  the  great  cen- 
tral event  in  the  history  of  the  world  and  the 
Church,  the  Eesurrection  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 
His  mighty  work  of  atonement  is  finished.  Sin  is 
put  away ;  Satan  "  brought  to  nought "  (Heb.  ii. 
14,  R.  V.)  :  Death  conquered.     What  is  next  to  be 


THE  LOED'S  COMMANDS  143 

done?    He  appears  to  His  disciples.    What  com- 
mand does  He  give  them  ? 

St.  Matthew's  Gospel  only  tells  us  of  one : 
"  All  power  is  given  unto  Me  in  heaven  and  in 
earth :  go  ye  therefore  and  teach  (make  disci- 
ples of)  all  nations  "  ( xxviii.  18-20). 
St.  Mark's  Gospel  only  tells  us  of  oTie : 
"  Go  ye  into  all  the  world  and  preach  the  Gospel 
to  every  creature  " — with  the  results  that  shall 
follow  obedience  (xvi.  15-18). 
St.  Luke's  Gospel  only  tells  us  of  07ie : 
"  That  repentance  and  remission  of  sins  should  be 
preached  in  His  name  among  all  nations  " — 
with  the  direction  that  they  were  to  tarry  in 
Jerusalem  until  the  "power  from  on  high" 
to  enable    them    to  do  it  came  upon  them 
(xxiv.  47). 
St.  John's  Gospel  has  more :  It  records  personal 
words  to  Mary  Magdalene,  to  Thomas,  to  Peter  j 
and  no  doubt  some  of  these  words  have  their 
application  to  us  all :  but  still,  to  the  disciples 
generally,  only  one  command  is  actually  given. 
"  As  My  Father  hath  sent  Me,  even  so  send  I 
you  " — which  is  illustrated  in  the  next  chapter 
by  the  miracle  wrought  when  they  responded 
to  the  order  to  "  cast  the  net  on  the  right  side 
of  the  ship  "  (xx.  21). 
The  first  chapter  of  the  Acts  also  records  the 
Lord's  last  words  before  His  Ascension :  what  are 
they? 

"  Ye  shall  be  witnesses  unto  Me    .    .    .    unto 


144  MISSIONARY  GEMS 

the  uttermost  part  of  the  earth."  Not  that 
what  we  should  call  Home  work  was  excluded. 
The  apostles  themselves  were  to  "  begin  at 
Jerusalem."    But  only  to  begin  (ver.  8). 

— Eugene  Stock. 


III.  AUTHORITY  FOB  MISSIONS 
During  the  recent  war,  a  regiment  received  or- 
ders to  plant  some  heavy  guns  on  the  top  of  a  steep 
hill.  The  soldiers  dragged  them  to  the  base  of  the 
hill,  but  were  unable  to  get  them  farther.  An 
officer,  learning  the  state  of  affairs,  cried,  "  Men ! 
it  must  he  done  !  I  have  the  orders  in  my  pocket." 
So  the  church  has  orders  to  disciple  the  world. — 
Elon  Foster,  D.  B. 

The  Duke  of  Wellington  once  met  a  young 
clergyman,  who,  being  aware  of  his  Grace's  former 
residence  in  the  East,  and  with  his  familiarity  with 
the  ignorance  and  obstinacy  of  the  Hindoos  in  sup- 
port of  their  false  religion,  proposed  the  following 
question :  "  Does  not  your  Grace  think  it  almost 
useless  and  extravagant  to  preach  the  Gospel  to 
the  Hindoos  ? "  The  duke  immediately  rejoined^ 
"  Look,  sir,  to  your  marching  orders  :  '  Preach  the 
Gospel  to  every  creature.' " — Elon  Foster,  D.  D. 


IV.     PRAYER  AND  MISSIONS 
"  But,  above  all  else,  our  immediate  and  impera- 
tive need  is  a  new  spirit  of  earnest  and  prevailing 


CONSECEATION  AND  MISSIONS        145 

prayer.  The  first  Pentecost  covered  ten  days  of 
united,  continued  supplication.  Every  subsequent 
advance  may  be  divinely  traced  to  believing  prayer, 
and  upon  this  must  depend  a  new  Pentecost.  We 
therefore  earnestly  appeal  to  all  disciples  to  join  us 
in  importunate  and  daily  supplication  for  a  new 
and  mighty  effusion  of  the  Holy  Spirit  upon  all 
ministers,  missionaries,  evangelists,  pastors,  teachers 
and  Christian  workers,  and  upon  the  whole  earth, 
that  God  would  impart  to  all  Christ's  witnesses  the 
tongues  of  fire,  and  melt  hard  hearts  before  the 
burning  message.  It  is  not  by  might  nor  by  power, 
but  by  the  Spirit  of  the  Lord  that  all  true  success 
must  be  secured :  let  us  call  upon  God  till  He  an- 
swereth  by  fire  !  What  we  are  to  do  for  the  salva- 
tion of  the  lost  must  be  done  quickly,  for  the  gen- 
eration is  passing  away  and  we  with  it.  Obedient 
to  our  marching  orders,  let  us  go  to  all  the  world 
and  preach  the  Gospel  to  every  creature,  while 
from  our  very  hearts  we  pray,  *Thy  Kingdom 
Come.' " — Extract  from  letter  of  convention  held  at 
Northfield^  Mass.,  Aug.  lip,  1885.  Addressed  to 
all  believers. 


V.     CONSEOEATION  AND  MISSIONS 

I  beseech  you  therefore,  brethren,  by  the  mercies 
of  God,  that  ye  present  your  bodies  a  living  sacri- 
fice, holy,  acceptable  unto  God,  which  is  your 
reasonable  service. — Eom.  xii.  1. 

*'  It  is  overwhelming  to  think  of  the  vastness  of 


146  MISSIONAEY  GEMS 

the  harvest  field  when  compared  with  the  indo- 
lence, indifference  and  unwillingness  on  the  part 
of  most  so-called  Christians  to  become,  even  in  a 
moderate  degree,  labourers  in  the  same.  I  take  the 
rebuke  to  myself.  .  .  .  When  we  come  to 
die,  it  will  be  awful  for  us,  if  we  have  to  look  back 
on  a  life  spent  purely  on  self  ;  but,  believe  me,  if 
we  are  to  spend  our  lives  otherwise,  we  must 
make  up  our  minds  to  be  thought '  odd  '  and  ^  ec- 
centric '  and  '  unsocial,'  and  to  be  sneered  at  and 
avoided.  .  .  .  The  usual  centre  is  self^  the 
proper  centre  is  God.  If,  therefore,  one  lives  for 
God,  one  is  *  out  of  centre '  or  ^  eccentric  '  with  re- 
gard to  the  people  who  do  not." — Ion  Keith  Fal- 
coner. 


VI.     SACEIFICE  AND  MISSIOIlTS 

Hearts  wholly  given  to  Jesus  would  lead  us  to 
long  that  His  wishes  should  be  gratified.  His  de- 
sires fulfilled.  What  are  those  wishes  and  desires  ? 
Let  His  life,  His  death  reply.  That  all  should  re- 
turn, repent,  and  live ;  that  the  lost  should  be  found, 
and  the  dead  quickened.  If,  knowing  that  a  thou- 
sand millions  of  our  f ellow-creatm^es  are  still  lost  in 
heathenism,  we  make  no  effort  for  their  enlighten- 
ment, how  do  we  show  our  devoted  attachment  to 
Jesus  Christ  our  Lord  f  We  devoted  to  Him  ! 
What,  even  of  ours,  is  devoted  to  Him  ?  Is  even  a 
tithe  of  our  time,  a  tithe  of  our  substance  devoted  to 
Him  ?    Have  we  surrendered  to  Him  for  this  service 


MONEY  AND  MISSIONS  147 

even  one  child  of  our  family,  or  one  year  of  our  lives  ? 
N"o ;  but  we  give  an  annual  subscription  to  some 
missionary  society.  Ah,  friends,  gifts  that  cost  us 
no  personal  self-denial  are  no  j^'f'oofs  of  devotedness  ! 
Christ's  devotedness  to  our  interests  involved  Him 
in  suffering,  loss,  and  shame,  because  of  the  state  in 
which  we  were;  though  hereafter  devotedness  to 
us  will  involve  to  Him  only  joy,  ''  the  joy  set  be- 
fore Him."  .  .  .  Devotedness,  consecration  to 
Jesus,  in  a  world  tenanted  by  a  thousand  millions 
of  heathen,  means  stern  lahour  and  toil,  means  con- 
stant self  denial  am,d  self  sacrifice,  means  unwearied 
well-doing  even  unto  death. 

Judged  by  this  test,  how  many  faithful,  loving, 
and  devoted  followers  has  Jesus  Christ  f  Are  we 
of  tlieir  nuniber  f — Mrs.  Grattan  Guvnness. 


VII.     MONEY  AND  MISSIONS 

A  true  zeal  for  missions  will  lead  any  one  to  do 
something,  or  do  without  something,  for  Jesus'  sake. 
It  seems  to  me  that  the  only  money  worthy  to  be 
given  to  missions  is  that  which  has  been  sacredly 
laid  aside  for  that  purpose,  and  laid  aside  at  some 
cost. — Mrs.  Joseph  Coolc. 

Dion  Boucicault  said  :  "  More  than  $200,000,000 
are  paid  every  year  by  the  American  people  for 
their  theatrical  entertainments."  All  the  churches 
in  the  world  are  spending  less  money  for  foreign 
missions  annually  than  the  theatres  of  the  single 


148  MISSIONAEY  GEMS 

city  of  New  York  receive  every  year  from  their 
patrons. — Lilly  Ryder  Gracey. 

In  the  words  of  Lilly  Ryder  Gracey :  "  Nine- 
tenths  of  the  contributions  to  foreign  missions  are 
given  by  one-tenth  of  the  church-membership,  while 
only  one-half  of  the  membership  give  anything." 
In  the  year  1912  the  Protestant  churches  of  the 
United  States  gave  $14,942,523  to  foreign  mis- 
sions, or  about  seventy  cents  per  member. 

Rev.  John  "Williams  proposed  to  his  Raitean  con- 
verts that  each  family  should  set  apart  a  pig  to 
be  sold  for  the  missionary  cause.  They  gladly 
accepted  the  proposal,  and  the  next  morning  the 
squealing  of  pigs  was  heard  as  they  received  the 
mark  in  the  ear  which  indicated  their  designation 
to  this  service.  The  result  was  a  money  con- 
tribution of  £103.  An  Englishman  sent  half 
a  pint  of  beans  to  a  missionary  meeting  with  the 
request  that  some  one  would  plant  them  for  three 
years  and  give  the  result  to  missions.  Two  farmers 
took  them  with  this  result :  first  year  eleven  pints, 
second  year  nine  bushels,  third  year  two  hundred 
and  seventy-six  bushels,  which  netted  £81, 14s.,  9d. 
Missionary  hens  are  another  device — the  setting 
apart  of  a  hen  or  more,  whose  entire  products 
shall  be  devoted  to  missions.  Bullocks,  cows,  sheep, 
ducks,  bees,  fish-pots,  cocoanut,  cherry  and  other 
fruit  trees  have  been  set  apart  for  the  same  purpose. 
-^Elon  Foster,  D.  D. 


ARGUMENTS  FOR  MISSIONS  149 


VIII.     ARGUMENTS  FOR  MISSIONS 

So  the  woman  was  thrown  into  a  huge  cauldron 
of  boiling  water  and  boiled  down  to  soup,  and  a 
basin  of  this  soup  was  given  to  the  man,  who  was 
forced  to  drink  it,  and  after  drinking  it  he  was 
hanged.  In  this  case  the  Amir's  object  was  to  pun- 
ish, not  only  in  this  life,  but  in  the  next ;  for  a  can- 
nibal cannot  enjoy  the  delights  of  Paradise  de- 
picted in  the  Koran. — Frank  A.  Martin,  "  Under 
the  Absolute  Amir,''  1907,  p,  163. 

Masses  indeed,  and  yet,  singular  to  say,  if  you 
follow  them  .  .  .  into  their  garrets  and 
hutches,  the  masses  consist  of  all  units.  Every  unit 
of  whom  has  his  own  heart  and  sorrows,  stands 
covered  with  his  own  skin,  and  if  you  prick  him  he 
will  bleed.  Dreary,  languid  do  these  struggle  in 
their  obscure  remoteness,  their  hearth  cheerless, 
their  diet  thin.  For  them  in  this  world  rises  no 
Era  of  Hope.  Untaught,  uncomforted,  unfed.—- 
Thomas  Carlyle,  ''French  Revolution.'' 

A  New  England  whale-ship  foundered  in  a  gale 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean  a  few  years  ago.  The  crew 
took  to  the  boats,  and  after  several  days  came  in 
sight  of  an  island.  One  of  the  boats  ran  through 
the  surf :  its  crew  landed  only  to  be  beaten  down 
by  the  war-clubs  of  the  cannibals.  Seeing  their  fate 
the  other  boat  pushed  off ;  and,  after  much  suffer- 


150  MISSIONARY  GEMS 

ing,  its  crew  was  rescued.  Years  passed  away,  and 
another  ship  was  wrecked  in  the  same  sea  and  near 
the  same  island.  Her  captain  was  one  of  the  crew 
of  the  former  ship.  Exhausted  and  reduced  by 
long  exposure,  he  and  his  companions  were  forced 
to  land.  He  recognized  the  fatal  coast.  Filled 
with  fear  they  tried  to  conceal  themselves.  Seek- 
ing for  a  cave  the  foremost  of  them  reached  the 
top  of  a  hill.  He  saw  a  village  and  a  church  in 
the  vale  beyond,  and  cried,  "  Safe  !  safe !  safe ! " 
As  the  rescued  sailors  gazed  upon  the  evidences  of 
Christianity,  they  leaped,  embraced  and  wept :  and, 
descending,  found,  instead  of  cruel  death,  generous 
hospitality. — Elon  Foster,  D.  D. 

Things  Missionaries  Heme  Done : 

Missionaries  have  translated  the  Bible  into  about 
seven-tenths  of  the  world's  speech. 

They  have  collected  and  expended  over  $30,000,- 
000  yearly  in  the  work  of  heathen  evangelization. 

They  have  demonstrated  the  truth  that  the  success- 
ful church,  spiritually  and  materially,  is  the  church 
that  is  most  actively  engaged  in  missionary  enter- 
prise.^ 

Missionaries  have  done  more  than  any  other  one 
class  to  bring  peace  among  savage  tribes. 

All  the  museums  of  the  world  have  been  enriched 
by  the  examples  of  the  plants,  animals  and  products 
of  distant  countries  collected  by  the  missionaries. 

It  was  missionaries  who  discovered  the  Moabite 

1  The  italics  are  not  in  the  Almanac. 


AEGUMENTS  FOE  MISSIONS  151 

stone,  thus  unlocking  the  records  of  a  forgotten 
empire ;  also  the  Nestorian  Tablet,  by  which  a  new 
chapter  in  early  Christian  history  was  recovered. — 
"  Christian  Herald  Ahaanac^''  p.  JiO. 

I 
Why  I  believe  iri  Foreign  Missioiis  : 

1.  Because  the  Lord  said,  "Go  ye  into  all  the 
world  and  preach  the  Gospel  to  every  creature." 

2.  Because  the  non-Christian  and  non-Protes- 
tant religions  are  unable  to  lift  the  heathen  from 
the  individual  and  social  corruption  and  misery 
into  which  they  have  fallen. 

3.  Because  the  non-Christian  and  non-Protestant 
religions  furnish  only  vague  or  false  hopes  for  the 
life  to  come. 

4.  Because  God,  in  the  Old  Testament,  teaches 
that  I  am  my  brother's  keeper  and  Christ,  in  the 
^ew  Testament,  teaches  that  any  human  being  in 
need  is  my  neighbour. 

5.  Because,  in  proportion  to  the  money  and 
lives  invested,  foreign  missions  return  greater  in- 
tellectual, social  and  religious  results  than  any 
other  investment  of  Christendom. 

6.  Becaxise  the  church  that  is  self-centred  dies 
of  dry  rot  while  the  church  that  carries  out  the 
great  commission  prospers  in  spite  of  tJie  worlds  the 
fiesh  and  the  devil. 


162  MISSIONAEY  GEMS 


IX.     MISCELLANEOUS 

"  The  blood  of  the  people  !  changeless  tide  through 
century,  creed  and  race, 

Still  one,  as  the  sweet  salt  sea  is  one,  though  tem- 
pered by  sun  and  place, 

The  same  in  the  ocean  currents  and  the  same  in  the 
sheltered  seas  : 

Forever  the  fountain  of  common  hopes  and  kindly 
sympathies. 

Indian  and  Negro,  Saxon  and  Celt,  Teuton  and 
Latin  and  Gaul. 

Mere  surface  shadow  and  sunshine,  while  the  sound- 
ing unifies  all ! 

One  love,  one  hope,  one  duty  theirs !  no  matter  the 
time  or  kin, 

There  never  was  a  separate  heart-beat  in  all  the 
races  of  men. " 

— Anonymous. 


The  night  lies  dark  upon  the  earth  and  we  have 

light : 
So  many  have  to  grope  their  way,  and  we  have 

sight ; 
One  path  is  theirs  and  ours — of  sin  and  care. 
But  we  are  borne  along,  and  they  their  l3urden 

bear. 
Footsore,  heart-weary,  faint  they  on  the  way. 
Mute  in  their  sorrow,  while  we  kneel  and  pray  ; 
Glad  are  they  of  a  stone  on  which  to  rest. 
While  we  lie  pillowed  on  the  Father's  breast. 


"Father,  why  is  it  that  these  millions  roam. 
And    guess    that  that  is  Home,   and  urge  their 

way, 
Is  it  enough  to  keep  the  door  ajar. 
In  hope  that  some  may  see  the  gleam  afar, 


MISCELLANEOUS  153 

And  guess  that  that  is  Home,  and  urge  their  way 
To  reach  it,  haply,  somehow  and  some  day  ? 
May  not  I  go  and  lend  them  of  my  light  ? 
May  not  mine  eyes  be  unto  them  for  sight? 
May  not  the  brother  love  Thy  love  portray  ? 
And  news  of  Home  make  Home  less  far  away  ?  " 

— Bev.  R,  Wright  Hay, 


"  The  strings  of  camels  come  in  single  file, 
Bearing  their  burdens  o'er  the  desert  sand  ; 

Swiftly  the  boats  go  plying  on  the  Nile, 
The  needs  of  men  are  met  on  every  hand. 

But  still  I  wait 

For  the  messenger  of  God  who  cometh  late. 


"  I  see  the  cloud  of  dust  rise  in  the  plain, 

The  measured  tread  of  troops  falls  on  the  ear ; 

The  soldier  comes  the  Empire  to  maintain. 
Bringing  the  pomp  of  war,  the  reign  of  fear. 

But  still  I  wait ; 

The  messenger  of  peace,  he  cometh  late. 

**  They  set  me  looking  o'er  the  desert  drear, 

Where  broodeth  darkness  as  the  deepest  night. 
From  many  a  mosque  there  comes  the  call  to  prayer : 

I  hear  no  voice  that  calls  on  Christ  for  light. 
But  still  I  wait 

For  the  messenger  of  Christ  who  cometh  late. " 
— Anonymous  in  ^'■Egyptian  Mission  News^^^ 
January- February^  1910. 


"  O  grant  us  love  like  Thine, 

That  hears  the  cry  of  sorrow 
From  heathendom  ascending  to  the  throne  of  God 
That  spurns  the  call  of  ease  and  home 
While  Christ's  lost  sheep  in  darkness  roam  ! 


154  MISSIONAEY  GEMS 

<'  O  grant  us  hearts  like  Thine, 

Wide,  tender,  faithful,  childlike, 
That  seek  no  more,  but  live  to  do  Thy  will ! 
The  hearts  that  seek  Thy  Kingdom  first, 
Nor  linger  while  the  peoples  thirst. 

^'  O  grant  us  minds  like  Thine, 

That  compassed  all  the  nations, 
That  swept  o^er  land  and  sea  and  loved  the  least 
of  all ; 
Great  things  attempting  for  the  Lord, 
Expecting  mighty  things  from  God. " 

— Anonyinous. 

**  Set  on  fire  our  heart's  devotion 

With  the  love  of  Thy  dear  Name  ; 
Till  o'er  every  land  and  ocean. 

Lips  and  lives  Thy  Cross  proclaim. 
Fix  our  eyes  on  Thy  returning. 

Keeping  watch  till  Thou  shalt  come, 
Loins  well  girt,  lamps  brightly  burning  ; 
Then,  Lord,  take  Thy  servants  home." 

— Anonymous. 


PART  IV 
The  Societies 

{American  and  Canadian) 


PART  IV 

The  Societies^ 

{American  and  Canadian) 


ADVENT  CHRISTIAN. 

Society :  American  Advent  Missionary  Society. 

Headquarters:   i6o  Warren  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Secretary:  Z.  C.  Beats. 

Income:  ^36,cxx).oo. 

Total  foreign  missionaries :  13. 

Organ :  Prophetic  and  Mission  Record, 

Fields :  China,*  Japan,*  Africa.* 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society  of  the  Advent  Christian  Church. 

Secretary :  Mrs.  Maud  M.  Chadsey,  5  Whitney  St.,  Boston, 
Mass. 

Income:  313,196.68. 

Total  foreign  missionaries :  6. 

Organ :  All  Nations  Monthly. 

Field:  India.* 

AFRICA  INLAND  MISSION. 

Headquarters :  2244  North  29th  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Secretary :  W.  L.  DeGeoff. 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  60. 
Organ :  Hearing  and  Doing. 
Field:  Africa.* 

'All  statistics  and  information  in  Part  IV  were  obtained  direct 
from  the  secretaries  in  19 13  unless  othervv^ise  noted.  An  exhaustive 
list  of  all  American  and  Canadian  Societies,  as  well  as  all  other 
societies  of  the  world,  may  be  found  in  "  World  Atlas  of  Christian 
Missions"  (1911).  Part  IV  takes  no  account  of  "Home  Missions." 
See  Preface. 

*  See  Ubles  in  Part  II. 

157 


168  THE  SOCIETIES 

AMERICAN  BIBLE  SOCIETY. 

Headquarters :  Bible  House,  New  York  City. 

President :  James  Wood. 

Secretaries :  Rev.    John   Fox,   D.  D.,  LL.  D.,    Rev.    Wm.    1. 

Haven,  D.  D. 
Income:  ;^69i,347.25. 

Note  : — The  American  Bible  Society  is  an  inter-denominational 
organization  formed  in  i8l6  for  the  distribution  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures. While  not  exactly  a  missionary  society,  it  maintains  its  agents 
in  nearly  all  mission  fields.  The  standing  of  these  agents  is  much 
the  same  as  that  of  the  missionaries  appointed  by  the  Boards. 

The  total  issues  of  the  Society  for  last  year  amounted  to  3,691,201, 
of  which  603,397  were  complete  Bibles.  These  were  distributed  in 
all  lands. 

AMERICAN  FRIENDS. 

Society :  American  Friends  Board  of  Missions. 
Headquarters :  Richmond,  Ind. 
Secretary :  Chas.  E.  Tebbitts. 
Income:  ;^48,403.05. 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  lOO. 
Fields :  China,*  India,*  Japan,*  Africa.* 
Also  missionaries  and  native  helpers  are  maintained  as  follows : 

Missionaries         Native  Helpers 

Palestine 5 18 

Mexico      .....     13 33 

West  Indies      ....    28 liS 

Central  America  ...      9 9 

Alaska 8 5 

ASSOCIATED  REFORMED  PRESBYTERIAN. 

Society:  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  Associated  Reformed 

Presbyterian. 
Headquarters :  Due  West,  S.  C. 
Secretary :  Rev.  G.  G.  Parkenson,  D.  D. 
Fields  :  India  and  Mexico. 

BAPTIST,  AMERICAN. 

Society :  American  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Society. 
Office  Address:  Boston,  Mass.     P.  O.  Box  41. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


THE  SOCIETIES  159 

Secretaries :  General  Secretary,  Rev.  E.  W.  Hunt,  D.  D. ;  Home 
Secretary,  Rev.  Fred  P.  Haggard,  D.  D. ;  Foreign  Secretary, 
Rev.  J,  H.  Franklin,  D.  D. 

Income:    ^1,195,523,68,    including    donations    from   Woman's 

Societies. 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  697. 
Organ :  Missions. 

Fields  :  China,*  India,*  Japan,*  Africa.* 
Also  Philippine  Islands,  where  thirty  missionaries  and  one  hun- 
dred and  seventeen  native  workers  are  maintained. 

Auxiliary  Societies  :  Woman's  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary 
Society. 

Secretaries:  Home  Secretary,  Miss  Harriet  S.  Ellis;  For- 
eign Secretary,  Mrs.  H.  G.  SafFord. 

Office  Address :  Ford  Building,  Boston,  Mass. 

Income:  3127,895.22. 

Organ  :   The  Helping  Hand. 
Woman's  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  West. 

Secretaries :  Home  Secretary,  Miss  E.  Jean  Batty ;  Foreign 
Secretary,  Miss  Mary  Ewart  Adkins. 

Office  Address :  450  East  30th  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

Income:  ^158,835.87. 

Organ :   The  Helping  Hand. 

BAPTIST  {Canada). 

Society:  Canadian  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Board. 
Headquarters :  627  Confederation  Life  Building,  Toronto,  On- 
tario. 
Secretary :  J.  G.  Brown. 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  98. 
Income:  ^121,000.00. 
Fields:  India,*  South  America.* 

BRETHREN. 

Society :  The  Brethren  Foreign  Missionary  Society. 
Headquarters :  Long  Beach,  Cal. 
Secretary :  Louis  S.  Bauman. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


160  THE  SOCIETIES  \ 

Income :  About  jP4,ooo.oo.  i 

Total  foreign  missionaries :  4.  ! 

Field  :  South  America.*  ' 

CENTRAL  AMERICAN  MISSION.  ] 

Headquarters:  156  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York  City.  ) 

Secretary :  Rev.  C.  I.  Scofield.  ;; 

Income  :  "  Over  ^i,cxx).oo  a  month,"  but  varying.  ■; 

Total  foreign  missionaries :  27.  I 

Organ :  Central  American  Bulletin.  \ 

Fields :  Work  is  carried  on  in  five  republics.     There  are  forty-  \ 

five  native  workers.  j 

Note  : — The  work  is  inter-denominational.  j 

CHRISTIAN  CHURCH.  ; 

Society :  Missionary  Board  of  the  Christian  Church.  • 
Headquarters :  Dayton,  Ohio. 
Secretary :  M.  T.  Morrill. 
Income:  $15,007.06. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  14. 

Organ  :   Christian  Missionary.  j 

Fields :  Japan ;  *  also  Porto  Rico  where  five  foreign  mission-  j 

aries  and  four  native  workers  are  maintained.  I 


Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 
Secretary:    Miss   Lulu   Helfenstein,   C.    P.   A.    Building, 

Dayton,  Ohio. 
Income  :  Included  in  above. 
Organ  :  Christian  Missionary,  as  above. 

CONGREGATIONAL. 

Society :  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. 
Headquarters :  14  Beacon  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Secretary :  Rev.  Jas.  L.  Barton,  D.  D. 
Income  :   $1,062,442.98,  including   the  incomes  of  the   three 

auxiliary  societies. 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  617. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


THE  SOCIETIES  161 

Organ  :  The  Missionary  Herald. 

Fields :  China,*  India,*  Japan,*  Africa.* 

Also  missionaries  and  native  helpers  are  maintained  as  follows : 
Missionaries          Native  Helpers 
Europe 307 1,249 


Micronesia  .  .  . 
Philippine  Islands 
Mexico     .... 


II lOI 

4 i 

'5 24 


Auxiliary  Societies 

Woman's  Board  of  Missions,  14  Beacon  St.,  Boston,  Mass.  I 

Woman's    Board   of  Missions  of  the   Interior,  19   South  ,, 

LaSalle  St.,  Chicago,  111.  \ 

Woman's  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Pacific,  27  Mesa  Ave.,  i 

Piedmont,  Cal.  \ 
Income  of  the  three  auxiliary  societies:  1^295,038.82. 

CHRISTIAN  AND  MISSIONARY  ALLIANCE.  j 

Headquarters  :  960  Eighth  Ave.,  New  York  City.  i 

Secretary  (acting)  :  Rev.  Robt.  H.  Glover.  1 

Income  :  ^251,840.53.  i 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  263.  j 

Organ  :   The  Alliance  Weekly.  ■ 

Fields :  China,*  India,*  Africa,*  South  America.*  \ 

Also  missionaries  and  native  helpers  are  maintained  as  follows :  | 

Missionaries  Native  Helpers  ; 

Japan 5 9  \ 

Palestine 14 14  i! 

Philippines 4 4  ' 

West  Indies 7 24  i 

CHURCH  OF  GOD.  \ 

Society  :  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Churches  of  God.  i 

Headquarters  :  Mount  Pleasant,  Pa.  j 

Secretary :  J.  L.  Updegraph.  \ 
Income:  ^5,001.75. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  6. 

Organ :    Church  Advocate.  I 
Field :  India.* 

♦  See  tables  in  Part  II.  < 


1 

162                         THE  SOCIETIES  \ 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  General  Missionary  Society.  ; 

Secretary  :  Mrs.  Clara  Ritchie,  Warrensburg,  111.  j 

Income :  Included  in  above.  : 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST.  I 
Society  :  Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society. 

Headquarters :  222  West  Fourth  St.,  Cincinnati,  O.  | 

Secretaries :  F.  M.  Raines  and  S.  J.  Corey.  j 

Income:  1400,728.00.  i 

Total  foreign  missionaries :  171.  j 

Organ :  TA^  Missionary  Intelligencer.  \ 
Fields :  China,*  India,*  Japan,*  Africa.* 

Also  missionaries  are  maintained  as  follows :  ] 

West  Indies 2 

England 13  j 

Philippine  Islands 13  ! 

Scandinavia 11  ^ 

Associated  Society  :  Christian  Woman's  Board  of  Missions.  \ 

Secretary:    Mrs.  Anna   R.   Atwater,  College  of  Missions  : 

Building,  Indianapolis,  Ind.  ; 

Income  :  I326,  475-77-  i 

Organ  :   The  Missionary  Tidings.  ! 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  81.  \ 

Fields  :  India,*  Africa,*  South  America.*  '* 

Also  missionaries  and  native  helpers  are  maintained  as  follows : 
Missionaries         Native  Helpers 

Westlndies i8 20  | 

Mexico 11 35 

EPISCOPALIAN.  \ 

Society :  Domestic  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Epis-  j 

copalian  Church. 

Headquarters :  281  Fourth  Ave.,  New  York  City.  j 
Secretaries :  John  W.  Wood,  R.  H.  L.  Burleson. 
Income  :  11,483,260.00. 

Total  foreign  missionaries :  458.  j 

Organ:  The  Spirit  0/ Missions.  \ 

Fields  {  China,*  Japan,*  Africa,*  South  America.*  j 
*  See  tobies  in  Part  n. 


THE  SOCIETIES  163 

Also  missionaries  and  native  helpers  are  maintained  as  follows : 
Missionaries         Native  Helpers 

Mexico      38 52 

Canal  Zone 6 9 

West  Indies      ....      59 68 

Philippine  Islands  .    .      27 13 

Honolulu      47 14 

Alaska 44 17 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  Auxiliary. 

Secretary  :  Mrs.  Julia  C.  Emory,  281   Fourth  Ave.,  New 

York  City. 
Income  :  Included  in  above. 
Organ  :  The  Spirit  of  Missions. 

EVANGELICAL. 

Society  :  Missionary  Society  of  the  Evangelical  Church. 
Headquarters  :   1903  Woodland  Ave.,  Cleveland,  O. 
Secretary :  Rev.  George  Johnson. 
Income  :  I47, 372.01. 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  27. 

Organs  :  Evangelicher  Missonsbote,  and  Missionary  Messenger. 
Fields :  China,*  Japan.''* 
Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  Missionary  Society. 

Secretary  :  Miss  Ethel  Sprang,  Naperville,  111. 

Organ :  Missionary  Messenger. 

EVANGELICAL  LUTHERAN. 

Society :  General  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church. 

Headquarters:  31  West  Saratoga  St.,  Baltimore,  Md,  '\ 

Secretary :  Rev,  L.  B.  Wolf,  D.  D.  | 

Income  :  For  two  years  ending  May  15,  1913 — $217,773.76.  ; 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  42.  i 

Organ  :  Lutheran  Church  Work.  j 

Fields  :  India,*  Africa.*  \ 

EVANGELICAL  LUTHERAN.  ] 

Synod:    Evangelical   Lutheran  Synod  of  Missouri,  Ohio  and                               jj 

Other  States.  1 

Headquarters:  115  South  6th  St.,  St.  Charles,  Mo.  ^ 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II.  ; 


164  THE  SOCIETIES 

Secretary :  Rev.  John  A.  Freidrich. 
Income :  ;?52,ooo.cx?. 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  13. 
Organ  :  Der  Lutheraner. 
Field:  India.* 

EVANGELICAL  LUTHERAN. 

Society :  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Council. 

Headquarters  :  1522  Arch  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Secretary :  Rev.  Geo.  Drach. 

Income  :  ^63,000,00. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  24. 

Organs :   The  Foreign  Missionary^  and  Die  Missonsbote. 

Fields :  India,*  Japan.* 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  Missionary  Society. 

Secretary :    Mrs.  C.  L.   Eckman,  27  E^t  8th  St.,  James- 
town, N.  Y. 
Organ  :   The  Mission  Worker. 

EVANGELICAL  LUTHERAN  CHURCH  IN  THE  SOUTH. 
Society  :  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 

Church  in  the  South. 
Headquarters  :  Salem,  Va. 
Secretary  :  Robert  C.  Holland. 
Income  :  ^i8,ooo.c». 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  5. 
Organ  :  Lutheran  Church  Visitor. 
Field:  Japan.* 

EVANGELICAL  LUTHERAN. 

Society :  Intersynodical  Orient  Mission. 
Headquarters :  196  Berlin  St.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Secretary :  Rev.  H.  Mackensen. 
Income :  ^4,000.00. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  2. 
Organ :  Kurdistan  Missionary. 

Field :   Persia,  where,  beside    the    missionaries,  three  native 
workers  are  maintained. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


THE  SOCIETIES  166 

EVANGELICAL  LUTHERAN. 

Society :  The  Porto  Rico  Mission  Board  of  the  General  Council. 
Headquarters :  6024  Station  St.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Secretary :  Rev.  J.  L.  Smith,  D.  D. 
Income:  jP9,ooo.oo. 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  5. 

Field :  Porto  Rico,  where,  beside  the  missionaries,  nine  native 
workers  are  maintained. 

FREE  METHODIST. 

Society :    General   Missionary   Board  of  the   Free   Methodist 

Church  of  North  America. 
Headquarters:  1132  Washington  Boulevard,  Chicago,  111. 
Secretary  :  Rev.  Benjamin  Winget. 
Income :  ^58,641.71  for  the  year  1912  (including  the  receipts  of 

the  W.  F.  M.  S.). 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  62. 
Organ :   The  Free  Methodist. 

Fields :  China,*  India,*  Japan,*  Africa ;  *  also  the  West  Indies, 
where  five  foreign  missionaries  and  one  native  worker  are 
maintained. 
Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society. 
Secretary :  Mrs.  Charlotte  T.  Bolles,  Oneida,  N.  Y. 
Income:  $47,043.57  for  the  year  1912. 
Organ:  Missionary  Tidings. 

FRIENDS  (  Orthodox). 

Society :  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  Friends  of  Philadelphia. 
Headquarters  :  1022  Clinton  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :   10. 
Organ :   Our  Quarterly. 
Field :  Japan.* 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Auxiliary  Society  of  the  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Association  of  the  Friends  of  Philadelphia. 
Secretary :  Miss  Helen  W.  Bell,  158  South  North  Carolina 
Ave.,  Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 

Note: — There  are  also  ten  branches  that  assist  in  the  general 
work  and  contribute  their  quota. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


166  THE  SOCIETIES 

GENERAL  BAPTIST. 

Society:    Foreign    Missionary   Board  of  the   General   Baptist 

Church. 
Headquarters :  Owensville,  Ind. 
Secretary:  J.  P.  Cox. 
Income:  ;gi,500.cx). 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  3. 
Organ :   The  Messenger. 

Field :  Island  of  Guam,  where  three  foreign  missionaries  and 
two  native  workers  are  maintained. 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Ladies'  Auxiliary. 

Secretary  :  Miss  Asenath  Brewster,  Standal,  Ind. 
Income :  $200.00. 

GERMAN  EVANGELICAL  SYNOD  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 
Society :  Foreign  Missionary  Board  of  the  German  Evangelical 

Synod  of  North  America. 
Headquarters:  91  Huntington  Ave.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Secretary;  Rev.  E.  Schmidt. 
Income:  $45,400.00. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  25. 
Organs :  Friedensbote  and  Messenger  of  Peace. 
Field :  India.* 

LUTHERAN. 

Society :  Lutheran  Free  Church  of  the  U.  S.  A. 

Headquarters :  Augsburg  Seminary,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Secretary  :  Prof.  J.  L.  Nydahl. 

Income:  $13,500.00,  raised  by  auxiliary  society. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :   10. 

Organ :  Folkebladet. 

Field :  Madagascar.* 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Lutheran  Board  of  Missions. 

Secretary:   Prof,    Andress   Helland,  Augsburg   Seminary, 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


THE  SOCIETIES  167                     ) 

j 

Income:  1^13,500.00.  j 

Organ  :   Cesser  en.  i 

LUTHERAN  BRETHREN.  \ 

Society :  Mission  Board  of  the  Church  of  the  Lutheran  Brethren.  ; 
Headquarters  :  1201  Belmont  Ave.,  Grand  Forks,  N.  D. 

Secretary :  Rev.  E.  H.  Gunhus.  1 

Income:  jg4,ooo.oo.  < 

Organ:  Broderbaandet.  i 

Field:  China.*  ■ 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST. 

Society :  No  separate  society.  .        i 

'        Headquarters:  ii 2  Laurel  St.,  Bethlehem,  Pa.  i 

Secretary :  Rev.  C.  H.  Brunner.  "\ 

Income :  i56,ooo.oo.  5 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  15. 
Organ :  Gospel  Banner. 

Fields :  China,*  South  America.*  '; 


MENNONITE. 

Society :  General  Conference  of  American  Mennonites. 

Headquarters:  Goessell,  Kansas. 

Secretary  :  P.  H.  Richert. 

Income:  $10,000.00. 

Total  foreign  missionaries :  4. 

Organ :   The  Mennonite. 

Field:  India.* 


MENNONITE. 

Society :  Mennonite  Board  of  Missions  and  Charities. 

Headquarters:  Frceport,  III. 

Secretary:  J.  S.  Shoemaker. 

Income:  J^20,2I9.33. 

Total  foreign  missionaries :   17. 

Field:  India.* 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


168  THE  SOCIETIES 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL. 

Society :  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 

Church. 
Headquarters :  150  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York  City. 
Secretaries :   S.  Earl  Taylor,  Dr.  Wm.  T.  Oldham,  Dr.  F.  M. 

North. 
Income:  ?i,539,403-97- 
Total  foreign  missionaries :  790. 
Organ :    World-  Widf  Missions. 
Fields :  China,*  India,*  Japan,*  Africa,*  South  America.* 

Also  missionaries  and  native  workers  are  maintained  as  follows : 
Missionaries         Native  Workers 

Europe      13 569 

Malaysia 40 127 

Korea 47 343 

Philippine  Islands   .    .    34 801 

Associate  Society  :  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society. 

Secretary :  Mrs.  Charles  W.  Barnes,  150  Fifth  Ave,  New 
York  City. 

Income:  ^^37,224.49. 

Total  foreign  missionaries:  309. 

Organ :   Woman's  Missionary  Friend. 

Fields :  China,  India,  Japan,  Africa,  South  America,  Ma- 
laysia, Phihppines,  Korea,  Mexico,  Bulgaria,  Italy. 

(The  report  of  the  work  of  the  woman's  society  is  included  in  that 
of  the  Methodist  Church  in  the  tables  of  Part  II.) 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  ( South). 

Society :  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

South. 
Headquarters :  810  Broadway,  Nashville,  Tcnn. 
Secretary :  Rev.  W.  W.  Pinson,  D.  D. 
Income:  ;?894,ooo.oo. 
Total  foreign  missionaries:  221. 
Organ:  Missionary  Voice, 
Fields :  China,*  Japan.* 

*  Sec  tables  in  Part  II. 


THE  SOCIETIES  169 

Also  missionaries  and  native  workers  are  maintained  as  follows : 

/  Missionaries         Native  kVorAers 

Korea 38 9 

South  America     ...    44        42 

Mexico      41 Ill 

Cuba 21 23 

Note: — Work  to  be  opened  in  Africa  during  1913.     This  report 
includes  woman's  work, 

NORWEGIAN       LUTHERAN       CHURCH       OF      NORTH 
AMERICA. 
Society :  Synod  for  the  Norwegian  Lutheran  Church  of  North 

America. 
Headquarters:  Ridgcway,  Iowa. 
Secretary :  Rev.  D.  C.  Jordahl. 
Income :  About  $6,000.00. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  9. 
Organ:  Kirketidende. 

Fields :  China,*  Africa ;  *  also  two  missionaries  and  four  native 
workers  are  maintained  in  Alaska. 

PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH. 

Society:  The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 

Church. 
Headquarters :  156  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York  City. 
Secretaries:  Robert  E.  Speer,  Arthur  J.  Brown,  A.  Woodruff 

Halsey,  Stanley  White. 
Income  :  ^552,010,537.65,  including  that  of  the  auxihary  societies. 
Total  foreign  missionaries:   1,083. 
Organ :  Assembly  Herald. 

Fields:  China,*  India,*  Japan,*  Africa,*  South  America.* 
Also  missionaries  and  native  workers  are  maintained  as  follows: 
Missionaries  Native  Workers 

Korea 125 386 

Persia      66 56 

Siam 42 10 

Laos 46 99 

Syria 35 51 

Philippine  Islands  .    .      44 281 

Mexico 20 68 

Central  America    .    .        7 y 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


170  THE  SOCIETIES 

Auxiliary  Socibties  and  Boards  : 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Presb]rtcrian 

Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Woman's  Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Northwest, 

Chicago,  111. 
Women's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 

Church,  New  York  City. 
Women's  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the 

Southwest,  St.  Lx)uis,  Mo. 
Women's  Occidental  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 
Woman's  North   Pacific  Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions, 

Portland,  Oregon. 
Secretary  of  the  Central  Committee  of  these  Boards :  Mrs. 

Halsey  Wood,  156  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York  City. 
Income :  1636,293.00. 
Organ :   Woman^s  IVork. 

PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  {Canada). 

Society :  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
Headquarters :    439   Confederation    Life   Chambers,  Toronto, 

Ont.,  Canada. 
Secretary  :  Rev.  R.  P.  MacKay,  D.  D. 
Income:  $32^ ,2i^.yi. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  205. 
Organ  :   The  Presbyterian  Record. 
Fields  :  China,*  India,*  South  America.* 

Also  missionaries  and  native  workers  are  maintained  as  follows  : 
Missionaries        Native  Workers 

New  Hebrides  ....      6 

Trinidad 17 130 

Korea  and  Formosa  .    .    36    .        ...      138 

REFORMED  CHURCH  IN  AMERICA. 

Society  :  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  in 

America. 
Headquarters :  25  East  22d  St.,  New  York  City. 
Secretary :  Rev.  Wm.  I.  Chamberlain,  Ph.  D. 
*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


THE  SOCIETIES  171 

Income :  ;?225,838.47,  including  amount  contributed  by  woman's 

society. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  ;  140. 
Organ :  Alission  Field. 

Fields :  China,*  India,*  Japan  ;*  also  Arabia,  where  thirty-five 
foreign  missionaries  and  forty-two  native  workers  are  main- 
tained. 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 
Secretary  :  Miss  O.  H.  Lawrence,  25   East  22d  St.,  New 

York  City. 
Income:  ^5571.697.77. 
Organ :  Mission  Gleaner. 

REFORMED  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Society :  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church. 

Headquarters  :  15th  and  Race  Sts.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Secretary  :  Rev.  Allen  R.  Bartholomew,  D.  D. 

Income:  #126,288.82. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  60. 

Organ:   The  Outlook  of  Missions. 

Fields  :  China,*  Japan.* 

REFORMED  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  OF  NORTH 
AMERICA. 

Society :  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Church. 

Headquarters  :  325  West  56th  St.,  New  York  City. 

Secretary :  Rev.  R.  M.  Sommerville,  D.  D 

Income:  ^48,528,00. 

Total  foreign  missionaries :  32. 

Organ:   Olive  Trees. 

Fields  :  China  ;*  also  Lavant,  where  eighteen  foreign  mission- 
aries and  fifty-three  native  workers  are  maintained. 

SEVENTH-DAY  ADVENTIST. 

Headquarters :  Takoma  Park  Station,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Secretary :  Rev.  H.  E.  Rogers. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


172  THE  SOCIETIES 

Income:  1444,428.23. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  599. 

Fields :  China,*  India,*  Japan,*  South  America.* 

Also  missionaries  and  native  workers  are  maintained  as  follows ; 
Missionaries        Native  IVorktrs 
Asia  outside  of  China, 

India  and  Japan    .    .    24 92 

Australasia 4 

Southern  Europe  ...    77 21 1 

Pacific  Islands  ....    62 36 

West  Indies  and  Mexico  72 33 

SEVENTH-DAY  BAPTIST. 

Society ;  Seventh- Day  Baptist  Missionary  Society. 
Headquarters :  Ashaway,  R.  I. 
Secretary :  E.  B.  Sanders. 
Income:  About  ^15,000.00. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  14. 
Organ  :   7^Ae  Sabbath  Recorder. 

Fields :  China  ;*  also  Java,  where  two  missionaries  and  five 
native  workers  are  maintained. 

SOUTHERN  BAPTIST. 

Society  :  Foreign  Mission  Board. 

Headquarters :  Richmond,  Va. 

Secretary  :  R.  J.  Willingham. 

Income:  1580,408.17. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  268. 

Fields  :  China,*  Japan,*  Africa,*  South  America.* 

Also  missionaries  and  native  workers  are  maintained  as  follows : 
Missionaries        Native  Workers 

Italy 6 49 

Mexico 33    •   .   '    •    •       44 

UNITED  BRETHREN. 

Society :  United  Brethren  Foreign  Missionary  Society. 
Headquarters :  Dayton,  Ohio. 
Secretary  :  S.  S.  Hough. 

♦  Sec  tables  in  Part  II. 


THE  SOCIETIES  173 

Income:  |l99,S8i.5i. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  60. 

Fields :  China,*  Japan,*  Africa.* 

Also  missionaries  and  native  workers  are  maintained  as  follows : 

Missionariis        Native  Workers 

Porto  Rico 9 18 

Philippine  Islands ...    9 10 

UNITED  EVANGELICAL. 

Society :  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Sociefj^'^"«S»e  United 

Evangelical  Church. 
Headquarters :  Penbrook,  Pa. 
Secretary :  Rev.  B.  H.  Niebal. 

Income:  ^27,831.30,  including  that  of  the  auxiliary  society. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  16. 
Organ :   The  Evangelical. 
Field:  China.* 

Auxiliary  Society  :  Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society. 
Secretary :  Mrs,  Emma  Divan,  Foreston,  111. 
Income:  $i4,286.cx). 
Organ:  Missionary  Tidings. 

UNITED  NORWEGIAN  LUTHERAN  CHURCH  OF  NORTH 
AMERICA. 

Society  :  Same  as  above. 

Headquarters :  425-429  Fourth  Ave.,  South  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Secretary :  Rev.  M.  Saeterlie. 

Income :  $83,509.00. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  58. 

Organ:  Lutheraneren. 

Fields  :  China,*  Africa  (Madagascar).* 

Auxiliary  Society:  Woman's  Federation. 

Secretary:  Mrs.  Rev    O.  E.  Norem,  25 II   East  Franklin 
Ave.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


174                         THE  SOCIETIES  1 

i 

UNITED  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH^  OF  NORTH   AMER-  ; 

ICA. 

Society :  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Presbyterian  \ 

Church  of  North  America.  J 

Headquarters:  2CX)  North  15th  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  | 

Secretary :  Rev.  C.  R.  Watson,  D.  D.  | 

Income  :  ;?364,339.85.  ] 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  260.  \ 

Fields  :  India,*  Africa.*  ? 

Cooperating     Society  :     Woman's    General    Missionary 

Society.  i 

Foreign  Secretary :   Miss  H.  C.  Campbell,  6410  Beacon  ' 

St.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  ] 

Income  for  foreign  work  :  ;P94, 102.71.  J 

Organ  :    IVoman^s  Missionary  Magazine.  \ 

i 

WELSH   CALVINISTIC    METHODIST  IN  THE    UNITED  \ 

STATES.  I 
Society  ;  Same  as  above. 

Headquarters  :  105  Jefferson  Ave.,  Columbus,  O.  ■ 

Secretary  ;  John  R.  Johns.  j 

Income  :  ^6,000.00.  >. 

Organ  :   The  Friend.  ! 

Field:  India.*  ' 

1 

WESLEYAN  METHODIST  CONNECTION  OF  AMERICA. 
Society  :  Missionary  Society  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist   Con- 
nection of  America.  \ 
Headquarters  :  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  1 
Secretary  :  Rev.  E.  Teter.  ; 
Income  :  ^12,516.74. 
Total  foreign  missionaries  :  18. 

Organ  :    Wesleyan  Methodist.  \ 

Fields  :  India,*  Africa.*  \ 

WOMAN'S  UNION  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY  OF  AMERICA.  \ 

Headquarters  :  67  Bible  House,  New  York  City.  J 

Secretary  :  Mrs.  S.  D.  Doremus.  • 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II.  | 

i 
I 

I 


THE  SOCIETIES  175 

Income  :  ^74,464.60. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  21. 

Fields  :  China,*  India,*  Japan.* 

YALE  FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY. 

Headquarters  :  5  White  Hall,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Secretary  :  W.  H.  Sallmon. 

Income  :  ^21, 000.00. 

Total  foreign  missionaries  :  8. 

Field ;  China.* 

Note: — This  is   an   educational  mission  maintaining  Collegiate 
School  and  Hospital. 

*  See  tables  in  Part  II. 


176 


THE  SOCIETIES 


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